Reproduction (Topic 15)

Question 1

What does the posterior pituitary release? (2)

Answer 1

oxytocin

Question 2

What does oxytocin do? (2)

Answer 2

• positive feedback for lactation and delivery

Question 3

What does GRH lead to? (2)

Answer 3

release of FSH and LH

Question 4

What does TRH lead to? (2)

Answer 4

release of prolactin

Question 5

During the 7th week of fetal development the ___ gene located on the Y chromosome is expressed, leading to the development of testes in males. (3)

Answer 5

SRY

Question 6

Go over slide 4

Answer 6

ok

Question 7

What determines male sex organs? (4)

Answer 7

the presence of testosterone

Question 8

What determines female sex organs? (4)

Answer 8

the absence of testosterone

Question 9

Go over meiosis 1 and 2

Answer 9

ok :(

Question 10

What is diploid and haploid? (5)

Answer 10

• diploid has two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)
• haploid has a single set of chromosomes

Question 11

What separates in meiosis 1? (5)

Answer 11

Meiosis 1 separates the pair of homologous chromosomes and reduces the diploid cell to haploid.

Question 12

How many cells do you have at the end of meiosis 1 and what is their ploidy? (5)

Answer 12

two haploid daughter cells

Question 13

What separates during meiosis 2? (5)

Answer 13

Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids

Question 14

How many cells do you have at the end of meiosis 2 and what is their ploidy? (5)

Answer 14

four haploid daughter cell

Question 15

What does homologous mean? (5)

Answer 15

carry the same genes

Question 16

What is a vasectomy? (6)

Answer 16

severing of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from making it to the ejaculatory duct to combine with the semen

Question 17

What is the site of spermatogenesis? (7)

Answer 17

testes

Question 18

What is the testes composed of? (7)

Answer 18

many long seminiferous tubules

Question 19

Seminiferous tubules converge to form the ___ (7)

Answer 19

rete testis

Question 20

What are interstitial (leydig) cells? (8)

Answer 20

cells between tubules

Question 21

Whats the function of spermiogenesis? (10)

Answer 21

store and release enzymes to help penetrate the egg

Question 22

What happens in spermiogenesis? (10)

Answer 22

• elongation (lost cytoplasm)
• mitochondria reorganized
• flagella formation
• acrosomal cap formation

Question 23

What do nurse cells do? (11)

Answer 23

• form blood-testes barrier (prevent flow of chemicals from blood to lumen).
• support developing sperm cells
  phagocytize defective sperm
• produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
• Spermiation - release of a spermatozoa from a nurse cell
• secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH

Question 24

Go over slide 12

Answer 24

k

Question 25

Where are the eggs produces? (13)

Answer 25

ovaries

Question 26

Where does the fetus develop? (13)

Answer 26

the uterus

Question 27

How does the embryo get there? (13)

Answer 27

fallopian tubes

Question 28

What are the functions of the ovaries? (14)

Answer 28

- oogenesis - maturation of oocyte - ovulation - secretes hormones

Question 29

What is oogenesis? (14)

Answer 29

egg formation

Question 30

What is ovulation? (14)

Answer 30

release of egg from ovary

Question 31

What are the steps of oogenesis and how does it differ from spermatogenesis? (15)

Answer 31

- start with oogonium - stem cells differentiate to primary oocyte - meiosis 1 - secondary haploid oocyte - meiosis 2 - haploid gamete (ovum) Different: - something about the cells

Question 32

Why is the ovum so large? (15)

Answer 32

has more nutrients in it so it doesn't die

Question 33

What is the function of follicular cells in the ovaries? (16)

Answer 33

- nourish oocytes - produce hormones

Question 34

What are granulosa cells? (16)

Answer 34

Form layers around the oocyte

Question 35

What do zona pellucida do? (16)

Answer 35

- Surrounds oocyte plasma membrane - Contains glycoproteins important for binding of sperm

Question 36

What does the theca do? (16)

Answer 36

- Differentiate from granulosa cells - Important for hormone production

Question 37

What is corona radiata? (18)

Answer 37

granulosa cells closest to the oocyte

Question 38

What’s the stimulus for ovulation? (18)

Answer 38

a peak in LH

Question 39

Go over slide 19, 20, and 21

Answer 39

damn

Question 40

Why are there larger amounts of estrogen in the later phases of follicular phase? (21)

Answer 40

follicle cells are producing estrogen (they're bigger= more follicle cells = more estrogen production)

Question 41

What does the LH surge do? (22)

Answer 41

- induces ovulation - stimulates the transformation of the remaining follicle into the corpus luteum

Question 42

With degeneration of corpus luteum (if implantation doesn’t occur), ___ (22)

Answer 42

- corpus luteum -> corpus albicans and plasma levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease

Question 43

What is the endometrium? (23)

Answer 43

epithelial lining of the uterus

Question 44

What is the endometrium? (23)

Answer 44

epithelial lining of the uterus

Question 45

What is the proliferative phase? (23)

Answer 45

Lining thickens under influence of estrogen

Question 46

What is the secretory phase? (23)

Answer 46

- Between ovulation & next menstruation - Secretion of glycogen, enzymes etc. to make hospitable for embryo - (makes lining ready for implantation)

Question 47

What is the menstrual phase? (23)

Answer 47

lining degenerates and is expelled

Question 48

Go over slide 24

Answer 48

period lol