Reproduction (Topic 15) Flashcards
What does the posterior pituitary release? (2)
oxytocin
What does oxytocin do? (2)
- positive feedback for lactation and delivery
What does GRH lead to? (2)
release of FSH and LH
What does TRH lead to? (2)
release of prolactin
During the 7th week of fetal development the ___ gene located on the Y chromosome is expressed, leading to the development of testes in males. (3)
SRY
Go over slide 4
ok
What determines male sex organs? (4)
the presence of testosterone
What determines female sex organs? (4)
the absence of testosterone
Go over meiosis 1 and 2
ok :(
What is diploid and haploid? (5)
- diploid has two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)
- haploid has a single set of chromosomes
What separates in meiosis 1? (5)
Meiosis 1 separates the pair of homologous chromosomes and reduces the diploid cell to haploid.
How many cells do you have at the end of meiosis 1 and what is their ploidy? (5)
two haploid daughter cells
What separates during meiosis 2? (5)
Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids
How many cells do you have at the end of meiosis 2 and what is their ploidy? (5)
four haploid daughter cell
What does homologous mean? (5)
carry the same genes
What is a vasectomy? (6)
severing of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from making it to the ejaculatory duct to combine with the semen
What is the site of spermatogenesis? (7)
testes
What is the testes composed of? (7)
many long seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules converge to form the ___ (7)
rete testis
What are interstitial (leydig) cells? (8)
cells between tubules
Whats the function of spermiogenesis? (10)
store and release enzymes to help penetrate the egg
What happens in spermiogenesis? (10)
- elongation (lost cytoplasm)
- mitochondria reorganized
- flagella formation
- acrosomal cap formation
What do nurse cells do? (11)
- form blood-testes barrier (prevent flow of chemicals from blood to lumen).
- support developing sperm cells
phagocytize defective sperm - produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
- Spermiation - release of a spermatozoa from a nurse cell
- secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
Go over slide 12
k
Where are the eggs produces? (13)
ovaries
Where does the fetus develop? (13)
the uterus
How does the embryo get there? (13)
fallopian tubes
What are the functions of the ovaries? (14)
- oogenesis
- maturation of oocyte
- ovulation
- secretes hormones
What is oogenesis? (14)
egg formation
What is ovulation? (14)
release of egg from ovary
What are the steps of oogenesis and how does it differ from spermatogenesis? (15)
- start with oogonium
- stem cells differentiate to primary oocyte
- meiosis 1
- secondary haploid oocyte
- meiosis 2
- haploid gamete (ovum)
Different:
- something about the cells
Why is the ovum so large? (15)
has more nutrients in it so it doesn’t die
What is the function of follicular cells in the ovaries? (16)
- nourish oocytes
- produce hormones
What are granulosa cells? (16)
Form layers around the oocyte
What do zona pellucida do? (16)
- Surrounds oocyte plasma membrane
- Contains glycoproteins important for binding of sperm
What does the theca do? (16)
- Differentiate from granulosa cells
- Important for hormone production
What is corona radiata? (18)
granulosa cells closest to the oocyte
What’s the stimulus for ovulation? (18)
a peak in LH
Go over slide 19, 20, and 21
damn
Why are there larger amounts of estrogen in the later phases of follicular phase? (21)
follicle cells are producing estrogen (they’re bigger= more follicle cells = more estrogen production)
What does the LH surge do? (22)
- induces ovulation
- stimulates the transformation of the remaining follicle into the corpus luteum
With degeneration of corpus luteum (if implantation doesn’t occur), ___ (22)
- corpus luteum -> corpus albicans and plasma levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease
What is the endometrium? (23)
epithelial lining of the uterus
What is the endometrium? (23)
epithelial lining of the uterus
What is the proliferative phase? (23)
Lining thickens under influence of estrogen
What is the secretory phase? (23)
- Between ovulation & next menstruation
- Secretion of glycogen, enzymes etc. to make hospitable for embryo
- (makes lining ready for implantation)
What is the menstrual phase? (23)
lining degenerates and is expelled
Go over slide 24
period lol
