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Physiology > Digestive System (Topic 14) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Topic 14) Flashcards

1
Q

Go over slide 2 & 3

A

damn already

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2
Q

What are gastrointestinal processes governed by? (4)

A

volume and composition of luminal contents and external stimuli
- The body is designed to absorb all the nutrients that are ingested, whether or not the body really needs them to function.

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3
Q

What does submucosal plexus do? (5)

A

controls secretion

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4
Q

What does myenteric plexus do? (5)

A

controls motility

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5
Q

Which division of the nervous system increases digestion? (5)

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

How does food move through the GI tract? (5)

A

peristalsis
- circular and longitudinal muscles working together

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7
Q

Where is the integrating center of short reflexes? (6)

A

in the enteric nervous system
(nerve plexuses)

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8
Q

Where is the integrating center of long reflexes? (6)

A

in the central nervous system

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9
Q

What short reflexes come from the ENS? (6)

A

peristalsis and secretion

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10
Q

What long reflexes come from the CNS? (6)

A

hunger, salivation in response to smell

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11
Q

What is chewing controlled by? (9)

A

by somatic nerves to skeletal muscles

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12
Q

What activates chewing? (9)

A

Rhythmic chewing motion reflexively activated by pressure of food against gums, tongue, roof of mouth.

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13
Q

What is the function of chewing? (9)

A

mechanically breaks down food to make is small enough to swallow

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14
Q

What is saliva produced by? (9)

A

salivary glands

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15
Q

What is saliva controlled by? (9)

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons
- Reflex that can be conditioned by other cues (Pavlov)

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16
Q

What is the function of saliva? (9)

A

moisten and lubricate food
- small amounts of digestion
- dissolves small amounts

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17
Q

What stimulates swallowing? (10)

A

food/liquid being pushed to back of the mouth

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18
Q

What lets food into the stomach? (11)

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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19
Q

What are the functions of the stomach? (12)

A
  • stores food
  • some digestion
  • motility for churning
  • regulate entrance into the small intestine
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20
Q

What does the stomach secrete? (12)

A

HCl

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21
Q

What does HCl do? (12)

A
  • kills bacteria
  • denatures proteins
  • converts pepsinogens to pepsins
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22
Q

What do pepsins do? (12)

A

digestive enzymes that breakdown proteins

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23
Q

What is chyme? (12)

A

solution left after digestion in stomach. Contains fragments of proteins and polysaccharides as well as droplets of fat, salts, water, etc.

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24
Q

Go over slide 13 & 14

A

ok

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25
Q

Why does gastrin lead to an upregulation of proton pumps? (15)

A

gastrin releases hydrochloric acid when food enters the stomach leading to an upregulation of the pumps

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26
Q

Why does ACh lead to an upregulation of proton pumps? (15)

A

parasympathetic nervous system releases HCl? ACh muscarinic receptors are apart of PSNS

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27
Q

What stimulates chief cells? (16)

A

enteric nervous system

28
Q

Why do chief cells release inactive pepsinogen? (16)

A

so it doesnt degrade itself

29
Q

When is pepsin activated? (16)

A

at high proton concentrations

30
Q

What does peristalsis in the stomach do? (17)

A

mix the contents and close the pyloric sphincter

31
Q

Why is it important that small amounts of chyme is released into the small intestine at a time? (17)

A

it increases the efficiency of digestion and absorption because it cannot handle it all at once

32
Q

What does the pancreas secrete? (19)

A
  • insulin and glucagon (endocrine)
  • bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (exocrine)
33
Q

Go over slide 20

A

k

34
Q

What does the liver secrete? (21)

A

bicarbonate and bile salts

34
Q

What does the liver secrete? (21)

A

bicarbonate and bile salts

35
Q

What dies bile do? (21)

A

emulsify fats
- breaks it up so it can disperse in a solution

36
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do? (21)

A

delivers absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing before they enter the general systemic circulation.

37
Q

What does the liver do? (21)

A
  • Removes old red blood cells. Hemoglobin processing generates bilirubin.
  • Synthesizes plasma proteins
38
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder? (22)

A

stores bile

39
Q

What is the function of the small intestine? (22)

A

digestion and absorption

40
Q

What does the small intestine secrete? (22)

A
  • digestive enzymes (amino peptides)
  • salt and water (maintain fluidity)
  • mucus (lubrication and protection)
41
Q

What are segmentation contractions? (24)

A

Most frequent contractions in duodenum; least frequent in last portion of ileum.
(breaks up food)

42
Q

How does peristalsis and segmentation contraction differ? (24)

A

no longitudinal muscle in segmentation (continue to breaks up food and mix it with digestive enzymes rather than movement down digestive system)

43
Q

What is the function of the large intestine? (25)

A
  • mostly storage and compaction of waste
  • Active transport of Na+ with absorption of water.
  • Contains bacteria that breakdown some undigested matter.
44
Q

What do mass movement contractions do? (25)

A

compacts feces (3-4 times a day)

45
Q

What is defecation? (25)

A
  • Material moves to rectum. Mechanoreceptors signal urge to defecate.
  • Voluntary control of external anal sphincter is learned during childhood.
46
Q

What is the function of villi and microvilli? (26)

A

increase surface area for digestion and absorption

47
Q

What are lacteals? (26)

A

the smallest vessels of the lymphatic system

48
Q

What do sensors/neurons do? (26)

A

coordinate movement and secretion

49
Q

What is the only kind of saccharide that can be absorbed? (27)

A

monosaccharides

50
Q

What are disaccharidases? (27)

A

enzymes that breakdown dissacharides

50
Q

What are disaccharidases? (27)

A

enzymes that breakdown dissacharides

51
Q

Go over slide 18

A

thumbs up

52
Q

How would glucose get absorbed? (28)

A

secondary active transport

53
Q

How do monosaccharides get into the interstitial fluid? (28)

A

facilitated diffusion

54
Q

What do endopeptidases do? (29)

A

breaks peptide in the middle
- 400 into two 200s

55
Q

What do exopeptidases do? (29)

A

breaks off one amino acid at a time
- 400 into one 399 and one 1

56
Q

How do protons get into the lumen? (30)

A

parietal cells in the stomach release protons that make their way to the small intestines lumen

57
Q

Where does digestion almost exclusively take place? (31)

A

small intestine

58
Q

What digestive enzyme breaks down fats? (31)

A

pancreatic lipase

59
Q

what does pancreatic lipase yield? (31)

A

2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride

60
Q

Where does lipase work? (31)

A

only at the surface of liquid droplets
(needed for emulsification)

61
Q

What are micelles? (32)

A

smallest droplet from emulsion
- free fatty acids and monoglycerides

62
Q

how are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed? (32)

A

diffusion
- then recombine inside the cell to from triglycerides (fat)

63
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed? (34)

A

diffusion or mediated transport

64
Q

What is celiac disease? (34)

A
  • Loss of intestinal absorption surface due to gluten sensitivity
  • Decreases absorption of nutrients
65
Q

What is pernicious anemia? (34)

A
  • Stomach portion has been removed or doesn’t secrete intrinsic factor
  • Vitamin B12 not absorbed
  • B12 required for erythrocyte formation

Physiology (15 decks)

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