Urinary System Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This is where the majority (-70%) of the glomerular filtrate is
reabsorbed.

–The ______ is the first segment of the renal
tubule. It begins at the urinary pole of the glomerulus.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The convoluted portion of the tubule leads into a straight segment
that descends into the medulla within a medullary ray and becomes
________

A

the loop of Henle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

(loop on henle) empties into the _____ and Continuous with PCT in cortex

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The loop of Henle forms a _____ that dips down into the
medulla.

A

hair-pin structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Loop of Henle contains four segments:

A

the pars recta (the straight/thick descending limb
of proximal tubule), the thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and
the thick ascending limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thick & thin denote the ____ in both the
descending and ascending limbs (loop of henle)

A

epithelial change (cuboidal to squamous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The loop of Henle serves to create high osmotic pressure in the renal
medulla via the ____

A

counter-current multiplier system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The loop of Henle serves to create ______ in the renal
medulla via the counter-current multiplier system

A

high osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The loop of Henle serves to create high osmotic pressure in the renal
medulla via the counter-current multiplier system. Such high osmotic
pressure is important for the reabsorption of water in the later segments of
the renal tubule, helps create ___

A

hypertonic urine (excretion of excess solutes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loop of Henle surrounded by
peritubular capillary
network, ____

A

vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions to generate high osmotic
pressure in ECF of renal medulla
via Na-K pumps in thick ascending
limb of loop of Henle

A

Countercurrent multiplier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Countercurrent multiplier – Functions to generate high osmotic
pressure in ECF of renal medulla
via ____ in thick ascending
limb of loop of Henle

A

Na-K pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Higher extracellular [Na] in
medulla combined with water
resorption by proximal convoluted
tubule in cortex ➔ ____

A

cortico-
medullary interstitial gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Produces counter current
(exchange) multiplier system of
urine concentration—results in
production of ___

A

hypertonic urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(Distal convoluted tubule) Continuation of thick ascending
limb of Loop of Henle; present
within cortex
* Simple cuboidal epithelium
with short apical microvilli, but
lacks ___

A

distinct brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Responsible for active
resorption of Na & Cl, coupled
with secretion of H & K ions

A

(Distal convoluted tubule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(Distal convoluted tubule) Controlled by 2 cell types:
* ____—resorb Na &
water, secrete K
* ____ – mediate
H+ and HCO3 − secretion,
and Cl− and K+ reabsorption.
Important Regulators of Acid-
Base Balance

A

principal cells & intercalated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

—resorb Na &
water, secrete K

A

principal cells

19
Q

mediate
H+ and HCO3 − secretion,
and Cl− and K+ reabsorption.
Important Regulators of Acid-
Base Balance

A

intercalated cells

20
Q

(Distal convoluted tubule) Controlled by ____

A

aldosterone
(adrenal mineralocorticoid)

21
Q

Combined baroreceptor (pressure) & chemoreceptor ([ion])
* Specialized areas of afferent arteriole & distal convoluted tubule

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

22
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA): Used to regulate systemic blood pressure via ______

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS)

23
Q

Three main components of JGA:

A

Macula densa, Juxtaglomerular cells, Extraglomerular mesangial cells

24
Q

thickened region on one side of distal convoluted tubule
Contains densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells
Chemoreceptor sensitive to changes in [Na] in filtrate.
Decrease in systemic BP ➔ decrease in filtrate ➔ decrease [Na]

A

Macula densa

25
Q

Act as baroreceptors; detect changes in blood pressure
Produce renin in response to ↓ blood pressure
(converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)

A

juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth Mm cells in wall of afferent arteriole)

26
Q

(converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)

A

renin

27
Q

(Lacis cells or polkissen cells)
Flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles
Exact function unclear; provide structural support & phagocytosis
May assist in tubular glomerular feedback (by transmitting signals
from cells of macula densa to intraglomerular mesangial cells) whose
contraction/relaxation may change glomerular filtration rate.

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

28
Q

____ acts as sensor,
regulating juxtaglomerular
function by monitoring Na+ &
Cl- levels in the DCT

A

Macula densa

29
Q

Decrease blood
volume/pressure elicits
secretion of renin by JG cells

A

Macula densa

30
Q

Macula densa: Decrease blood
volume/pressure elicits
secretion of ____ by ___ cells

A

renin by JG cells

31
Q

____ causes
suprarenal glands to secrete
aldosterone

A

Angiotensin

32
Q

_____
are a group of
medications indicated for
the treatment of
hypertension (high blood
pressure).

A

Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

33
Q

COLLECTING TUBULES
receive isotonic urine from
___

A

DCT

34
Q

COLLECTING DUCTS receive
isotonic urine from ____

A

collecting
tubules

35
Q

Collecting ducts open at
____ into minor calyx

A

papilla

36
Q

Collecting ducts: Play important role in final
concentration of ____

A

urine
(interstitium & vasa recta)

37
Q

(collecting ducts) Epithelium responsive to ____
released by the posterior pituitary.

A

antidiuretic
hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

38
Q

Epithelium responsive to antidiuretic
hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
released by the posterior pituitary.
* Epithelial cells contain aquaporin 2
(AQP-2) transmembrane proteins
* ADH-regulated
* Mutations in AQP-2 (do not
respond to ADH) linked to
congenital nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus

A

**

39
Q

ADH – water is lost from collecting
ducts ➔ ___ urine

A

hypertonic

40
Q

Without ADH – ducts remain
impermeable to water ➔ ___ urine

A

iso-/
hypotonic

41
Q

Hollow tube with muscular walls
* All lined by transitional
epithelium
* Designed to be distensible
* Withstand contact with fluid
containing toxic substances

A

ureter

42
Q
  • Surface layer of
    balloon cells linked
    by desmosomes &
    tight junctions
    *Lined by
    Urothelium
  • Stratified
A

urinary bladder

43
Q
A