Upper GI Flashcards
Alimentary canal extends from :
oral cavity to
anus
Breakdown of food occurs in 5 phases—
ingestion, fragmentation, digestion,
absorption, & elimination
Ingestion occurs in oral cavity, accompanied by
___
fragmentation
Ingestion occurs in oral cavity, accompanied by
fragmentation; results in ___
bolus formation
Stomach completes fragmentation & initiates
___
digestion
Contractions of smooth Mm in stomach =>
peristalsis
Contractions of smooth Mm => peristalsis; under
___ control
autonomic
In duodenum, pancreatic & biliary secretions =>
emulsification of fat
In jejunum & ileum, primary ___
absorption of
nutrients
In colon, ____ of water & elimination of
___
resorption ; waste
anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Lingual frenulum
A too short frenulum –
ankyloglossia or tongue-tied.
GI Tube: Muscular tube lined by
___
mucus membrane
Large #’s of glands
associated with tract,
e.g., liver, gallbladder,
pancreas & intestinal
glands; embryological
outgrowths of GI tract
true
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
(____) scattered
throughout GI tract
MALT, GALT
Gi tract is made of 4 tissue layers:
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (adventitia)
Mucosa has 3 overall
functions:
protection,
secretion & absorption
Mucosa Subdivided into 3 layers:
epithelium, lamina propria, &
muscularis mucosae
The mucosa surrounds the ___ of the GI tract and consists of an epithelial cell
layer supported by a thin layer of connective tissue known as the lamina propria.
lumen
The ____ is a thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa
and provides it with the ability to move and fold.
muscularis mucosa
GI tract: The greatest structural variations occur in the ___
mucosal layers
There are four distinct types of mucosal variations
protective muscosa, secretory muscosa, absorptive mucosa, absorptive/protective mucosa
___ mucosa is characterized by a stratified squamous epithelium. It is
found in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal.
Protective muscos
__ mucosa contains cells that are responsible for the secretion of
digestive enzymes. It is found exclusively in the stomach.
Secretory mucosa
___ mucosa contains two key structures, crypts and villi, and is
responsible primarily for absorbing digested nutrients. It is found along the
entirety of the small intestine.
Absorptive mucosa
Absorptive mucosa contains two key structures:
crypts and villi
____ mucosa specializes in water absorption and mucous
secretion. It is found in the large intestine.
Absorptive/protective mucosa
At four points along the tract, the mucosa undergoes abrupt transition from one form to
another:
the gastro-esophageal junction, the gastroduodenal junction, the ileocecal junction
and the anorectal junction.
(secretory mucosa) ___—different
modifications at
different levels of GI
tract
epithelium
(secretory mucosa) _____—
underlying connective
tissue; contains
lymphoid nodules,
glands, blood vessels &
lymphatics
lamina propria
(secretory mucosa) ____—
thin layer of smooth
Mm; boundary
between mucosa &
submucosa
muscularis mucosae
The ___ is a thick connective tissue layer that
contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.
submucosa
The ___ surrounds the submucosa and is
composed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer and
outer longitudinal layer. These two layers move
perpendicularly to one another and form the basis of
peristalsis
muscularis externa
The ___ consists of connective tissue
containing blood vessels, nerves, and fat. In the portions of
the tract within the peritoneal cavity, it is lined by the
mesothelium.
adventitia/serosa
(Layers of gut) ____—local contractions => mixing of food
Occur both proximally & distally, in either direction
Segmentation
(Layers of gut) Peristalsis—propels food ___ only
distally
(Layers of gut) ___—outer loose connective tissue layer, contains
major nerve, vessels, & adipose tissue
Adventitia
(Layers of gut) Within abdominal cavity, referred to as ____ (= visceral
peritoneum)
–comntimous with supporting mesentery
–lines by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
serosa
(Layers of gut) In other areas, adventitia merges with ____
retroperitoneal tissue
Smooth Mm of gut controlled by
autonomic nervous system
* parasympathetic stimulation is
___
* sympathetic stimulation is
_____
excitatory; inhibitory
_____ Nn synapse
with ganglia located near effector
organ
Parasympathetic motor
In GI tract, ganglia located _____
within wall
of gut, within submucosa & muscularis
externa
Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia
within submucosa; called ____
Meissner’s
plexus (= submucosal plexus)
Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia
within submucosa; called Meissner’s
plexus (= submucosal plexus)
- Larger clusters located between inner
circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers
called ____
myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus
The key difference between Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus is
that Meissner’s plexus is in ___ of the gut
tube, while Auerbach’s plexus is___
the submucosal tissue; between the circular muscle
layer and longitudinal muscle layers.
The esophagus joins the stomach at
cardiac orifice
conveys solid foods and liquids to the stomach
esophagus
Resting muscular tone at ___ end of esophagus prevents backflow from stomach
inferior end
Short, muscular tube, lined
by stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium
* In upper third, muscularis
externa composed of
voluntary skeletal Mm
* Middle third, skeletal Mm &
smooth Mm
* Lower third, smooth Mm
only
review
(esophagus) In upper third, muscularis externa composed of ____
voluntary skeletal
Mm
(esophagus) Middle third composed of
skeletal Mm & smooth Mm
(esophagus) lower third, composed of
smooth Mm only
the protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm
hiatus hermia
3 classifications of hiatus hernia
sliding, rolling, mixed
Gastro-esophageal junction between esophagus &
stomach contains ___
gastroesophageal sphincter.
___—
due to
regurgitation of
stomach acid
into distal
esophagus from
cardia of
stomach
Pyrosis—(aka
“heartburn”)
Pyrosis—
(aka
“heartburn”)
____ is a serious complication of GERD. It does, though,
increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Barrett’s esophagus
Esophagus is normally lined by stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium
In response to exposure to gastric acid, adaptive transformation to ____
simple columnar epithelium (secretes alkaline mucus)
symptoms of esophageal cancer
Difficulty and pain with swallowing,
particularly when eating meat, bread, or raw
vegetables. …
* Pressure or burning in the chest.
* Indigestion or heartburn.
* Vomiting.
* Frequent choking on food.
* Unexplained weight loss.
* Coughing or hoarseness.
* Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat.
Smoking and poorly controlled acid reflux are
significant risk factors for
esophageal cancer and gum disease
In most cases, esophageal cancer is ____ . The overall 5-
year survival rate in patients amenable to
definitive treatment ranges from 5% to 30%.
a treatable
disease, but it is rarely curable.
