Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal Flashcards
(Endocrine system) Communicates via ______, secretory products
of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing
receptors
chemical messengers (hormones)
(Endocrine system) Communicates via chemical messengers (hormones), secretory products
of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to ______
target tissue containing
receptors
(Endocrine system) Endocrine organs composed of secretory cells of _____ origin
epithelial
(Endocrine system)
Lack ducts & secrete hormones into bloodstream
* Possess rich blood supply with ______ networks to absorb
& transport hormones.
fenestrated capillary
(Endocrine system)
_____ onset & ____ duration than nervous control
* Endocrine organs integrate function of physiologic systems
Slower onset & longer duration
Most ______ glands form discreet organs (Anterior pituitary, pineal, thyroid
and suprarenal (adrenal); in pancreas, endocrine & exocrine tissue intermixed
endocrine
____ coordinates endocrine functions of body—acts as
intermediary between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Suspended by a stalk from
hypothalamus
Pituitary
(Hypophysis)
(Pituitary) Rests in ____ of the
sphenoid bone, posterior to
the optic chiasm (CN II)
sella turcica
Two major divisions of Pituitary:
- Adenohypophysis
(Anterior pituitary) - Neurohypophysis
(Posterior pituitary)
Secretion of ____ hormones
controlled by hypothalamus, with
complex blood supply
pituitary
pituitary gland–Includes _____, which allows
communication with hypothalamus
hypophyseal portal
system
Hypothalamus controls secretion of
______ via hypothalamic
regulating factors (hormones)
anterior pituitary
_____ stimulate
secretion; _____
inhibit secretion
Releasing factors; inhibitory factors
_____ hormones—have non-endocrine target organ
(e.g., GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin)
Direct acting hormones
_____ hormones—target organ is another endocrine gland
(e.g., TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)
Trophic hormones
Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, & gonads all ____-
dependent endocrine glands
pituitary
Pituitary hormones: Functionally, anatomically, & embryologically, pituitary
divided into ___ portions
anterior & posterior
(Pituitary) Anterior portion contains ______ tissue &
posterior contains_____ tissue
glandular epithelial tissue; neural secretory tissue
(anterior pituitary) “Master gland”
(=adenohypophysis = pars
anterior = pars distalis)
(ant pituitary) Specialized glandular tissue, arises from
evagination of tissue from oral cavity in
region of pharynx called _____
Rathke’s pouch
Rathke’s pouch differentiates into 3 distinct
regions of anterior pituitary:
pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
—bulk of anterior pituitary
pars distalis
—thin layer between anterior
& posterior pituitary
Secretes MSH & ACTH
Frequently contains cystic remnants of
Rathke’s pouch
pars intermedia
—extension of anterior
pituitary; forms collar ~pituitary stalk
(=infundibulum)
pars tuberalis
Pars distalis secretes bulk of
pituitary hormones, including
both direct acting & ____
hormones
trophic
(Pars distalis) Direct acting hormones—____
* Trophic hormones—
GH & prolactin; TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
Secretory cells of anterior
pituitary traditionally classified as
___ or
____
chromophils (which stain) or chromophobes (do not stain)
– Cells now classified by hormone
content
2 types of chromophils:
Acidophils & Basophils
—stain with acidic
dye; pink on H&E (chromophils)
Acidophils
—stain with basic dye;
pale blue to light purple on H&E (chromophils)
- Basophils
—small cells,
don’t take up either dye,
clear on H&E; represent
inactive cells
Chromophobes
Acidophils:
* ______— ~50% of cells; secrete Growth Hormone (GH or
somatotropin). Releasing: GHRH; Inhibiting: Somatostatin (GHIH).
Stimulating: ghrelin (stomach enteroendocrine cells) coordinates food
intake with GH secretion
Somatotrophs
— (= lactotrophs) ~20% of cells; secrete prolactin (controls
lactation). Releasing: PRH; Inhibiting: dopamine
Mammotrophs
(controls
lactation).
prolactin
(Cell subtypes) Basophils:
Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, corticotrophs
— ~5% of cells; secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (=
thyrotropin)
Thyrotrophs
— ~5% of cells; secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
& Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophs
— ~20% of cells; secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), endorphins
Corticotrophs
- excessive
production of growth hormone
beginning in childhood
Pituitary gigantism
(Pituitary gigantism) Due to loss of feedback control
of _______ or
to GH-secreting tumor in
pituitary (adenoma
growth hormone secretion
Skeletal growth as well as
internal organs
* Significant problems with blood
glucose management
* Death usually due to heart
disease or diabetes
(complications)
Pituitary gigantism
Excessive adult production of growth
hormone
* Growth of face (prognathism), hands &
feet
Acromegaly
Increase in viscera
* Overproduction of glucose leads to
diabetes
* ?Due to loss of feedback control of growth
hormone secretion or to GH-secreting
tumor in pituitary
* Tx: surgery, radiation, growth hormone
receptor antagonist
Acromegaly
–Growth retardation resulting in
abnormally short adult stature.
–Problem can be in hypothalamus or
pituitary
–“Tx” – injections of growth hormone
Pituitary Dwarfism
(Pituitary Dwarfism–Growth retardation )
–It is caused by a variety of hereditary
and metabolic disorders.
–Pituitary dwarfism is caused by _____
insufficient
growth hormone.