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Histology Exam 3 > Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal > Flashcards

Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

(Endocrine system) Communicates via ______, secretory products
of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing
receptors

A

chemical messengers (hormones)

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2
Q

(Endocrine system) Communicates via chemical messengers (hormones), secretory products
of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to ______

A

target tissue containing
receptors

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3
Q

(Endocrine system) Endocrine organs composed of secretory cells of _____ origin

A

epithelial

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4
Q

(Endocrine system)
Lack ducts & secrete hormones into bloodstream
* Possess rich blood supply with ______ networks to absorb
& transport hormones.

A

fenestrated capillary

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5
Q

(Endocrine system)
_____ onset & ____ duration than nervous control
* Endocrine organs integrate function of physiologic systems

A

Slower onset & longer duration

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6
Q

Most ______ glands form discreet organs (Anterior pituitary, pineal, thyroid
and suprarenal (adrenal); in pancreas, endocrine & exocrine tissue intermixed

A

endocrine

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7
Q

____ coordinates endocrine functions of body—acts as
intermediary between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Suspended by a stalk from
hypothalamus

A

Pituitary
(Hypophysis)

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9
Q

(Pituitary) Rests in ____ of the
sphenoid bone, posterior to
the optic chiasm (CN II)

A

sella turcica

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10
Q

Two major divisions of Pituitary:

A
  • Adenohypophysis
    (Anterior pituitary)
  • Neurohypophysis
    (Posterior pituitary)
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11
Q

Secretion of ____ hormones
controlled by hypothalamus, with
complex blood supply

A

pituitary

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12
Q

pituitary gland–Includes _____, which allows
communication with hypothalamus

A

hypophyseal portal
system

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13
Q

Hypothalamus controls secretion of
______ via hypothalamic
regulating factors (hormones)

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

_____ stimulate
secretion; _____
inhibit secretion

A

Releasing factors; inhibitory factors

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15
Q

_____ hormones—have non-endocrine target organ
(e.g., GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin)

A

Direct acting hormones

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16
Q

_____ hormones—target organ is another endocrine gland
(e.g., TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

A

Trophic hormones

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17
Q

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, & gonads all ____-
dependent endocrine glands

A

pituitary

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18
Q

Pituitary hormones: Functionally, anatomically, & embryologically, pituitary
divided into ___ portions

A

anterior & posterior

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19
Q

(Pituitary) Anterior portion contains ______ tissue &
posterior contains_____ tissue

A

glandular epithelial tissue; neural secretory tissue

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20
Q

(anterior pituitary) “Master gland”

A

(=adenohypophysis = pars
anterior = pars distalis)

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21
Q

(ant pituitary) Specialized glandular tissue, arises from
evagination of tissue from oral cavity in
region of pharynx called _____

A

Rathke’s pouch

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22
Q

Rathke’s pouch differentiates into 3 distinct
regions of anterior pituitary:

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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23
Q

—bulk of anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis

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24
Q

—thin layer between anterior
& posterior pituitary
Secretes MSH & ACTH
Frequently contains cystic remnants of
Rathke’s pouch

A

pars intermedia

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25
Q

—extension of anterior
pituitary; forms collar ~pituitary stalk
(=infundibulum)

A

pars tuberalis

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26
Q

Pars distalis secretes bulk of
pituitary hormones, including
both direct acting & ____
hormones

A

trophic

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27
Q

(Pars distalis) Direct acting hormones—____
* Trophic hormones—

A

GH & prolactin; TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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28
Q

Secretory cells of anterior
pituitary traditionally classified as
___ or
____

A

chromophils (which stain) or chromophobes (do not stain)

– Cells now classified by hormone
content

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29
Q

2 types of chromophils:

A

Acidophils & Basophils

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30
Q

—stain with acidic
dye; pink on H&E (chromophils)

A

Acidophils

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31
Q

—stain with basic dye;
pale blue to light purple on H&E (chromophils)

A
  • Basophils
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32
Q

—small cells,
don’t take up either dye,
clear on H&E; represent
inactive cells

A

Chromophobes

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33
Q

Acidophils:
* ______— ~50% of cells; secrete Growth Hormone (GH or
somatotropin). Releasing: GHRH; Inhibiting: Somatostatin (GHIH).
Stimulating: ghrelin (stomach enteroendocrine cells) coordinates food
intake with GH secretion

A

Somatotrophs

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34
Q

— (= lactotrophs) ~20% of cells; secrete prolactin (controls
lactation). Releasing: PRH; Inhibiting: dopamine

A

Mammotrophs

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35
Q

(controls
lactation).

A

prolactin

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36
Q

(Cell subtypes) Basophils:

A

Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, corticotrophs

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37
Q

— ~5% of cells; secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (=
thyrotropin)

A

Thyrotrophs

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38
Q

— ~5% of cells; secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
& Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotrophs

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39
Q

— ~20% of cells; secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), endorphins

A

Corticotrophs

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40
Q
  • excessive
    production of growth hormone
    beginning in childhood
A

Pituitary gigantism

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41
Q

(Pituitary gigantism) Due to loss of feedback control
of _______ or
to GH-secreting tumor in
pituitary (adenoma

A

growth hormone secretion

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42
Q

Skeletal growth as well as
internal organs
* Significant problems with blood
glucose management
* Death usually due to heart
disease or diabetes
(complications)

A

Pituitary gigantism

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43
Q

Excessive adult production of growth
hormone
* Growth of face (prognathism), hands &
feet

A

Acromegaly

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44
Q

Increase in viscera
* Overproduction of glucose leads to
diabetes
* ?Due to loss of feedback control of growth
hormone secretion or to GH-secreting
tumor in pituitary
* Tx: surgery, radiation, growth hormone
receptor antagonist

A

Acromegaly

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45
Q

–Growth retardation resulting in
abnormally short adult stature.
–Problem can be in hypothalamus or
pituitary
–“Tx” – injections of growth hormone

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

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46
Q

(Pituitary Dwarfism–Growth retardation )
–It is caused by a variety of hereditary
and metabolic disorders.
–Pituitary dwarfism is caused by _____

A

insufficient
growth hormone.

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47
Q

(Pituitary Dwarfism–Growth retardation )
–It is caused by a variety of: ____ disorders

A

variety of hereditary
and metabolic disorders.

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48
Q

(Pituitary Dwarfism)
Growth _____ resulting in
abnormally short adult stature.

A

growth retardation

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49
Q

_____ stimulates initiation & maintenance of milk
production postpartum

A

Prolactin

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50
Q

(prolactin) Secretion is mediated primarily by inhibition control
mediated by ____

A

dopamine

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51
Q

(prolactin) Secretion is stimulated by _____ but suckling during lactation
is the primary stimulus.

A

PRH

52
Q

As birth control: Prolactin inhibits the pulsatile secretion of
_____ which suppresses secretion of FSH & LH.

A

GnRH

53
Q

As birth control: Prolactin inhibits the pulsatile secretion of
GnRH which suppresses secretion of ____

A

FSH & LH.

54
Q

This tumor can grow superiorly
and impinge on the optic
chiasm producing visual field
defects (classically: bitemporal
hemianopsia)
* The tumor can also erode the
sella turcica
* A tumor large like this will
produce also increased
intracranial pressure (with
headache, nausea, and
vomiting).

A

Pituitary
macroadenoma

55
Q

Pituitary
macroadenoma: This tumor can grow superiorly
and impinge on the ____

A

optic
chiasm

56
Q

Pituitary
macroadenoma: This tumor can also erode the
___

A

sella turcica

57
Q

(Pituitary
macroadenoma) bitemporal
hemianopsia

A

tunnel vision

58
Q

Produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and lipotropic
hormone (LPH)

A

Corticotrophs

59
Q

ACTH stimulates hormone release by the ____

A

adrenal (suprarenal) cortex

60
Q

LPH stimulates ______; precise role in
humans in unknown

A

lipid mobilization in some mammals

61
Q

Produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH)

A

Gonadotrophs

62
Q
  • stimulates ovarian follicle development/estrogen secretion or
    production of androgen binding protein by Sertoli cells.
A

FSH

63
Q
  • helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of
    an egg
A

LH

64
Q

Produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or
thyrotropin
*Stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize, store &
release thyroid hormones

A

Thyrotrophs

65
Q

*Stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize, store &
release thyroid hormones

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or
thyrotropin

66
Q

Releasing: TRH
*Inhibiting: negative feedback suppression by CNS
based on amount of circulating thyroid hormones

A

**

67
Q

Cells containing no
secretory granules
undifferentiated (stem)
cells or folliculostellate
cells - stroma to support
chromophils

A

Chromophobes

68
Q

(chromophobes) Cells containing no
secretory granules
______
cells or _____
cells - stroma to support
chromophils

A

undifferentiated (stem); folliculostellate

69
Q

Chromophobes: Cells with granules -
partially _____ chromophils

A

degranulated

70
Q

______
–> 2o plexus
in pars distalis

A

Portal veins

71
Q

Tubular sheath that extends from the pars distalis and winds around
the pituitary stalk.

A

Pars tuberalis

72
Q

Epithelial cells (gonadotrophs) arranged in cords and
hypophyseal portal vessels are found here.

A

Pars tuberalis

73
Q

(Pars tuberalis) Epithelial cells (gonadotrophs) arranged in ____ and
____ vessels are found here.

A

cords; hypophyseal portal vessels

74
Q

Pars Intermedia: Synthesize
______

A

proopiomelanocortin

75
Q

Cords of basophilic cells
Colloid-filled follicles

A

Pars Intermedia:

76
Q

Pars Intermedia: alpha- and -melanocyte-
stimulating hormone
which stimulates ______
production

A

melanin (pigment)

77
Q

melanin (pigment) secretion causes a dramatic darkening of
the skin of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
as granules of melanin spread through the
branches of specialized melanocytes called
______

A

melanophores.

78
Q

T/F: Diseases that may be attributed to the
under- or oversecretion of MSH are not well
defined in humans.

A

true

79
Q

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS: Posterior pituitary has 2 parts–

A

(pars nervosa
& infundibulum/stalk)

80
Q

Downgrowth of neural ectoderm
of hypothalamus

A

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS:

81
Q

stalk/stem carries
axons from hypothalamus,
contains portal veins & primary
capillary plexus (median
eminence)

A

Infundibulum

82
Q

Pars nervosa - axon terminals

A

**

83
Q

paraventricular nuclei make

A

oxytocin

84
Q

supraoptic nuclei make

A

ADH

85
Q

Hormones moved
from hypothalamus
via ______
with neurophysin

A

hypothalamo-
hypophyseal tract

86
Q

Unmyelinated axons
in the infundibulum
Stored for release in _____

A

pars
nervosa

87
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones:

A

ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin

88
Q

controls blood pressure by altering
permeability of renal collecting tubules/ducts

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

89
Q

↓ production of ADH => ↑ urine production (as in
diabetes insipidus)

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

90
Q

ADH (Vasopressin): Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in ______ of
hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus

91
Q

ADH: Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of
______

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

—promotes smooth Mm contraction in uterus &
breast (especially during labor & lactation)

A

Oxytocin

93
Q

Oxytocin: Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in paraventricular
nucleus of ____

A

hypothalamus

94
Q

Oxytocin: Synthesized by neuron cell bodies in ______ of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular
nucleus

95
Q

Axons end in the pars nervosa
*Endings form large, fusiform swellings called ____
filled with secretory product

A

Herring bodies

96
Q

T/F: Herring bodies filled with ____ product

A

secretory

97
Q

Pars nervosa: Surrounded by
specialized glial-like
cells called _____

A

pituicytes

98
Q

_____ is also known as the epiphysis
cerebri or the pineal body.

A
99
Q

The pineal gland is also known as the _____ or the pineal body.

A

epiphysis
cerebri

100
Q

The pineal gland is also known as the epiphysis
cerebri or the ____

A

pineal body.

101
Q

Pineal gland is found in the posterior extremity of the third ventricle and is
attached by the pineal stalk to the _____

A

diencephalon.

102
Q

Pineal Gland: Communicates with hypothalamus; acts as ____ in lower
vertebrates

A

photoreceptor

103
Q

Pineal Gland: Translates light intensity & _____ into endocrine
activity—important in circadian rhythms & seasonal reproductive cycles

A

duration (photoperiod)

104
Q

important in circadian rhythms & seasonal reproductive cycles

A

pineal gland

105
Q

Secretes hormone melatonin => change in color intensity
with reproductive cycle & serotonin (vasoconstrictor; neurotransmitter)

A

Pineal Gland:

106
Q

stimulates melanophores,
chromatophores (pigment-containing cells) => change in color intensity
with reproductive cycle & serotonin

A

melatonin

107
Q

Pineal Gland: Secretes hormone melatonin (stimulates melanophores,
chromatophores (pigment-containing cells) => change in color intensity
with reproductive cycle & ___

A

serotonin (vasoconstrictor; neurotransmitter)

108
Q

(vasoconstrictor; neurotransmitter)

A

serotonin

109
Q

In mammals, melatonin has ____effect, ↓ sex activity

A

anti-gonadal

110
Q

In mammals,____ has anti-gonadal effect, ↓ sex activity

A

melatonin

111
Q

Melatonin => ____ from hypothalamus => ↓ sex hormone secretion
from gonads

A

↓ GNRH

112
Q

are the most
common cell types, comprising
95% of all cells. They are
arranged in clumps and cords
within the lobules.
Histologic characteristics:
Neuronal-like cells, they have
large, irregular nuclei.

A

Pinealocytes

113
Q

____ cells—support cells such as
astrocytes, microglial cells

A

Neuroglial cells (= interstitial
cells)

114
Q

–(= “brain sand”, pineal sand)
–Calcified accretions of Ca & Mg
phosphate in aging individuals

A

corpora arenacea

115
Q
  • are
    radiopaque and, given the pineal’s central
    location, the pineal is a useful landmark for
    radiologists.
A

Corpora arenacea (brain sand)

116
Q

Corpora arenacea (what is another name for this)

A

(brain sand)

117
Q

Synthesis and secretion of
melatonin is dramatically
affected by ____ (exposure)

A

light exposure to the
eyes.

118
Q

The fundamental pattern
observed (melantonin synthesis) is that serum
concentrations of melatonin are
____ during the daylight hours,
and ____ during the
dark.

A

low: increase to a peak

119
Q

Melatonin helps establish the
body’s ___

A

circadian rhythm

120
Q

The duration of melatonin
secretion each day is directly
proportional to the _______

A

length of
the night.

121
Q

SAD stands for:

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder

122
Q

Most SAD sufferers experience normal
mental health throughout most of the
year, but experience _____
symptoms in the winter

A

depressive

123
Q

SAD is _____ in the
tropics, but is measurably present at
latitudes north of 30°N or south of 30°S.

A

rare, if existent at all,

124
Q

The typical symptoms of SAD include:

A

depression, lack of energy, increased
need for sleep, a craving for sweets and
weight gain

125
Q

SAD Symptoms begin in the ____
peak in the ____ and usually resolve in
the ____

A

fall; winter; spring

126
Q

T/F: SAD is recognized in the DSM-IV (The
American Psychiatric Association’s
diagnostic manual) as a subtype of
major depressive episode.

A

True

Histology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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