Urinary system

Question 1

Where are kidneys in body cavity?

Answer 1

Superior lumbar region, T12 to L3 vertebrae, beneath parietal peritoneum

Question 2

Gross anatomical structures in order that urine passes through from kidney to outside body (4)

Answer 2

Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 3

Parts of nephron in renal cortex

Answer 3

Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus

Question 4

Parts of nephron that extend into renal medulla

Answer 4

Loop of Henle/nephron loop

Collecting duct

Question 5

What part of nephron physically filters the blood?

Answer 5

Glomerular capsule

Question 6

Major normal constituents of urine

Answer 6

Water
Nitrogenous wastes
Dissolved ions
Urea, uric acid
Unneeded substances

Question 7

What does dark colored urine mean?

Answer 7

More solutes
Dehydration
Certain foods
Side effects of certain medications

Question 8

Specific gravity

Answer 8

How much heavier urine is than distilled water

Water is 1.0, urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

Question 9

Glucose in urine (possible causes)

Answer 9

Excessive intake of sugary foods

Diabetes mellitus

Question 10

Proteins in urine (possible causes)

Answer 10

Physical exertion
Pregnancy
Problem with glomerular filtration
Hypertension

Question 11

WBCs and bacteria in urine (possible causes)

Answer 11

Urinary tract infection

Question 12

RBCs in urine (possible causes)

Answer 12

Bleeding in urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

Question 13

Hemoglobin in urine (possible causes)

Answer 13

Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

Question 14

Bile pigment (bilirubin) in urine (possible causes)

Answer 14

Small amount is normal

More can mean liver disease (hepatitis)

Question 15

Nitrites in urine (possible causes)

Answer 15

Bacterial urinary tract infection (particularly bladder)

Question 16

Leukocytes in urine (possible causes)

Answer 16

Inflammation caused by UTI

Question 17

Ketones in urine (possible causes)

Answer 17

Starvation
Eating low-carb foods
Diabetes mellitus

Question 18

Path of urine drop

Answer 18

Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 19

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

Reabsorption of water, ions, all organic nutrients from renal tubules into blood

Question 20

Loop of Henle/Nephron loop

Answer 20

Further reabsorption of water and both sodium and chloride ions from renal tubules into blood

Question 21

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins from blood into renal tubules
Acid-base balance

Question 22

Glomerular Filtration

Answer 22

Fluid passes from blood into the glomerular capsule

Becomes “filtrate” - blood without blood proteins.

Question 23

Tubular Reabsorption

Answer 23

Water, glucose, amino acids, needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and back into the capillary blood.

Question 24

Tubular Secretion

Answer 24

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine and drugs are removed from blood and secreted back into renal tubules to be eliminated as urine.

Question 25

Glomerulus

Answer 25

Knot of capillaries