Urinary system Flashcards
Where are kidneys in body cavity?
Superior lumbar region, T12 to L3 vertebrae, beneath parietal peritoneum
Gross anatomical structures in order that urine passes through from kidney to outside body (4)
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Parts of nephron in renal cortex
Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Parts of nephron that extend into renal medulla
Loop of Henle/nephron loop
Collecting duct
What part of nephron physically filters the blood?
Glomerular capsule
Major normal constituents of urine
Water Nitrogenous wastes Dissolved ions Urea, uric acid Unneeded substances
What does dark colored urine mean?
More solutes
Dehydration
Certain foods
Side effects of certain medications
Specific gravity
How much heavier urine is than distilled water
Water is 1.0, urine ranges from 1.001 to 1.035
Glucose in urine (possible causes)
Excessive intake of sugary foods
Diabetes mellitus
Proteins in urine (possible causes)
Physical exertion
Pregnancy
Problem with glomerular filtration
Hypertension
WBCs and bacteria in urine (possible causes)
Urinary tract infection
RBCs in urine (possible causes)
Bleeding in urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)
Hemoglobin in urine (possible causes)
Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia
Bile pigment (bilirubin) in urine (possible causes)
Small amount is normal
More can mean liver disease (hepatitis)
Nitrites in urine (possible causes)
Bacterial urinary tract infection (particularly bladder)
Leukocytes in urine (possible causes)
Inflammation caused by UTI
Ketones in urine (possible causes)
Starvation
Eating low-carb foods
Diabetes mellitus
Path of urine drop
Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
Proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions, all organic nutrients from renal tubules into blood
Loop of Henle/Nephron loop
Further reabsorption of water and both sodium and chloride ions from renal tubules into blood
Distal convoluted tubule
Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins from blood into renal tubules
Acid-base balance
Glomerular Filtration
Fluid passes from blood into the glomerular capsule
Becomes “filtrate” - blood without blood proteins.
Tubular Reabsorption
Water, glucose, amino acids, needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and back into the capillary blood.
Tubular Secretion
Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine and drugs are removed from blood and secreted back into renal tubules to be eliminated as urine.
Glomerulus
Knot of capillaries
