Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions of Skeletal System
Support Protection Movement Storage Blood cell fomation
Diaphysis
Shaft, makes up bone’s length, composed of compact bone
Periosteum
Fibrous connective tissue membrane covering diaphysis
Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)
Connective tissue fibers securing periosteum to underlying bone
Epiphyses
Ends of long bone
Articular cartilage
Glassy hyaline cartilage that covers external surface of epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate/line
Plate: flat plate of hyaline cartilage found in young, growing bone; changes to line once no longer growing
Medullary cavity
Cavity of shaft filled with yellow marrow, storage for adipose tissue
Bone markings
Shows where muscles, tendons and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed.
Projections/processes: grow out from a bone surface
Depressions/cavities: indentations in the bone
Comminuted fracture
Bone breaks into many fractures
Common in older people
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
Common in porous bones (older people)
Depressed fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Typical of skull fracture
Impacted fracture
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
When trying to break a fall with outstretched arms
Spiral fracture
Excessive twisting forces causes ragged break
Common in sports injuries
Greenstick fracture
Bone breaks incompletely
Common in children (bones are more flexible)
Bones of the skull (12)
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine
Cervical vertebrae
- 7
- Contains atlas and axis (C1, C2)
- Smallest, lightest vertebrae
- Short spinous process
- Transverse process contain foramina
Thoracic vertebrae
- 12
- Larger than cervical
- Articulate with ribs
- Bodies are heart-shaped
- Spinous process points down
Lumbar vertebrae
- 5
- Massive, block-like bodies
- Sturdiest of vertebrae
- Bodies are kidney-bean shaped
- Short, hatchet-shaped spinous processes
Primary curvature
Thoracic and sacral regions.
Exists when born.
Secondary curvature
Cervical and lumbar regions.
Develops later.
Scoliosis
Spine sticks out laterally to one side
Kyphosis
Hunchback; thoracic curvature is more posterior than it should be
Lordosis
Inward curvature of the lumbar region (more anterior than it should be)
Bones of pelvic girdle (3)
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Bones of shoulder girdle (2)
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper limb bones (6)
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Lower limb bones (9)
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Calcaneus Talus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Fibrous joints
Level of movement: synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis
Types: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Cartilaginous joints
Level of movement: synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis
Types: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage
Synovial joints
Level of movement: freely movable
Types: plane/gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar/ellipsoid, ball and socket
Synarthrosis
Immobile
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae or synovial membrane
Sprain
Ligaments or tendons are damaged by excessive stretching, or torn away from bone
Arthritis
Describes >100 different inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints, symptoms are pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
Osteoarthritis
Chronic degenerative condition affecting the aged, aka “wear-and-tear arthritis,” slow and irreversible but rarely crippling
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory disorder w/ onset age 40-50, autoimmune disease
Gouty arthritis
Uric acid accumulates in blood and is deposited as needle-shaped crystals in soft tissues of joints
