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Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Sections of alimentary canal (5)

A 
Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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2
Q

Accessory organs of digestive system

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Teeth & tongue (not organs)
  • Gallbladder
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3
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva. Saliva is made of mucus, serous fluids (salivary amylase), and lysozyme & antibodies.

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4
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine function: secretes digestive enzymes

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5
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Physical changes that occur from chewing, stomach churning, and segmentation by small intestine

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6
Q

Four major types of teeth

A

Incisors (2/quadrant)
Canine (1/quadrant)
Premolars/bicuspids (2/quadrant)
Molars (3/quadrant)

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7
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Hydrolisis reactions where enzymes break large food molecules down to their building blocks

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8
Q

Transverse section of alimentary canal, layers

A 
Serosa
Muscularis externa 
- Longitudinal fibers
- Circular fibers
Submucosa
Mucosa
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9
Q

Esophagus

A

Conducts food from pharynx to stomach, ~10 inches

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10
Q

Gastric gland

A
  • Situated in gastric pits

- Secretes gastric juice

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11
Q

Parietal cells

A

Excrete HCl (hydrochloric acid)

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12
Q

Chief cells

A

Excrete enzyme pepsinogen, which changes to its active form pepsin with the addition of HCl

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13
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum (4%) (mostly nutrient absorption)
  • Jejunum (40%)
  • Ileum (56%) (water absorption and mucous production, lots of goblet cells)
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14
Q

Segments of large intestine (7)

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Rectum
  7. Anus
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15
Q

Primary functions of large intestine

A
  • Dry out indigestible food residue by absorbing water
  • Eliminate these residues from body as feces
  • no villi
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16
Q

Gastrin

A
  • Produced by enteroendocrine cells
  • Stimulates release of gastric juice
  • Stimulates stomach emptying
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17
Q

Secretin

A
  • Causes the liver to increase bile output (bile is necessary for fat absorption)
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18
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • Causes the gallbladder to release stored bile
19
Q

Brush border enzymes

A
  • Break down double sugars into simple sugars

- Complete some protein digestion

20
Q

Pepsin

A
  • Active protein-digesting enzyme

- In the protease category

21
Q

Rennin

A
  • Digests milk protein in infants
22
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A
  • Digestion of starch
23
Q

Lipase

A
  • Fat digestion
24
Q

Nuclease

A
  • Nucleic acid digestion
25
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxpeptidase

A
  • Protein digestion
26
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Derived mainly from plants, also lactose in milk and glycogens in meats
  • End products are galactose, glucose, fructose
  • Contain cellulose which act as fiber and aids digestion
27
Q

Lipids/fats

A
  • Saturated fats from animal products
  • Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds, veggie oils
  • End products are fatty acids and glycerol
  • Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats, milk products
  • Fats build myelin sheaths and cell membranes
28
Q

Proteins

A
  • End product: amino acids
  • Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids
  • Most from animal, some incomplete from legumes and beans
  • Uses are functional and structural proteins (or ATP if other materials are lacking or there is excess)
29
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Found in all major food groups

- Most are coenzymes (act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular type of catalysis)

30
Q

Anabolism

A
  • Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
31
Q

Catabolism

A
  • Substances are broken down to simpler substances
32
Q

Liver (digestion)

A
  • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
  • Degrades hormones
  • Produces cholesterol, blood proteins
  • Manufactures bile
33
Q

Glycogenesis (liver)

A
  • Glycogen formation

- Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen, glycogen is stored in the liver

34
Q

Glycogenolysis (liver)

A
  • Glucose splitting

- Glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen

35
Q

Gluconeogenesis (liver)

A
  • Formation of new sugar

- Glucose is produced from fats and proteins

36
Q

Carbohydrates in cell metabolism

A
  • ATP
  • Excess stored as glycogen or fat
  • Can be broken down by liver for ATP formation or broken down to glucose and released in blood
37
Q

Fats in cell metabolism

A
  • ATP synthesis by liver, after being broken down to acetic acid
  • Build myelin sheaths and cell membranes
38
Q

Proteins in cell metabolism

A
  • Broken down to amino acids
  • Amine groups are removed from proteins as ammonia
  • Liver converts harmful ammonia to urea
39
Q

Factors that influence metabolic rate

A
  • Surface area: smaller body has higher basic metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Gender: males have higher BMR
  • Age: children and adolescents have higher BMR
  • Amount of thyroxin: more means higher metabolic rate
40
Q

Swallowing

A
  • Buccal phase: voluntary, forces bolos (chewed up food) into pharynx
  • Pharyngeal-esophageal phase: involuntary, transports down pharynx and esophagus, everything moves in unison, longitudinal then circular muscles contract
41
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A
  • Stomach enters small intestine
42
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  • Oxygen-using events take place within the cell to create ATP from ADP
  • Glycolysis: energizes a glucose molecule
  • Krebs cycle: produces all carbon dioxide and water from cell respiration
43
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Not used for ATP
  • Structural basis for steroid hormones, building block for plasma membranes
  • Most is not eaten, but produced in the liver

Anatomy & Physiology (21 decks)

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