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Anatomy & Physiology > Lymphatic system abridged > Flashcards

Lymphatic system abridged Flashcards

1
Q

First Line of Defense (Innate, nonspecific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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2
Q

Second Line of Defense (Innate, nonspecific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • The inflammatory response
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Fever
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3
Q

Third Line of Defense (Adaptive, specific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Macrophages
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4
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • Engulfs foreign particle, enclosing it in a vacuole
  • Fuses with enzymatic contents of lysosome
  • Particle’s contents are broken or digested
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5
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Lyse and kill cancer cells, virus-infected body cells, and other non-specific targets before adaptive defense system is activated
  • Not phagocytic: attack target’s membrane and release perforins
  • Target’s membrane and nucleus then disintegrate
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6
Q

Four signs of inflammation

A
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Redness
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7
Q

Inflammatory chemicals released at site of injured tissue/cells

A
  • Histamine

- Kinins

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8
Q

Inflammatory process (chemical alarm)

A

Chemical “alarm” is sounded at injured site, releasing histamine and kinins. Effects:

  • Blood vessels dilate
  • Capillaries become leaky
  • Pain receptors activated
  • Chemotaxis: attract phagocytes and WBCs to area
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9
Q

Complement

A
  • Group of plasma proteins that circles blood in inactive state
  • When it attaches to foreign cells, it becomes activated and helps destroy it via lysis
  • Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC attack) put lesions in cell membranes so water rushes in and they lyse
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10
Q

Interferons

A
  • Proteins released by virus-infected cells that prevent spread of virus
  • Diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors
  • Stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with virus’ ability to multiply within healthy cells
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11
Q

Complete antigenic substances

A
  • Foreign proteins (strongest)
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Many large carbohydrates
  • Some lipids
  • Pollen grains & microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and virus particles) are antigenic because surfaces have foreign molecules
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12
Q

Two arms of Adaptive (Specific) Defense System

A

1) Humoral Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

2) Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

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13
Q

Humoral Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

A
  • Provided by antibodies present in body’s “humors,” or fluids
  • B lymphocytes produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
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14
Q

Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

A
  • Cells defend the body (macrophages, antigen-specific Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, etc.)
  • T lymphocytes are non-antibody producing lymphocytes
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15
Q

B cells

A
  • Lymphocytes residing in lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues
  • Replicates after binding with an antigen or at command of helper T cell
  • Most become plasma cells, some become memory cells
  • Antigen-presenting cells
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16
Q

Helper T cell

A
  • Binds with a specific antigen presented by an APC
  • Stimulates production of cytotoxic/killer T cells and B cells to help fight the invader
  • Releases cytokines which enhance everything
17
Q

Cytotoxic/Killer T cell

A
  • Kills virus-invaded body cells and cells that have become cancerous
  • Also contain perforin
  • Involved in graft rejection
18
Q

Regulatory T cell

A
  • Slows or stops activity of B and T cells once infection or attack has been conquered
  • Important in preventing autoimmune disease
19
Q

Plasma cell

A

Produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

20
Q

Memory cell

A
  • Generated during the initial immune response (primary response)
  • May exist in the body for years thereafter, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infections or meetings with the same antigen
21
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Engulf foreign particles and rid them from the area
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Most effective in presence of cytokines (secreted by helper T cells and macrophages)
22
Q

IgM

A
  • Attached to B cell or free in plasma
  • When bound to B cell, serves as antigen receptor
  • First to be released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response
  • Potent agglutinating agent
  • Fixes complement
23
Q

IgA

A
  • Some (monomer) in plasma; others in secretions (saliva, tears, intestinal juice, and milk)
  • Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens
24
Q

IgD

A
  • Always attached to B cell

- Cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell, helps activate it

25
Q

IgG

A
  • Most abundant antibody in plasma (75-85% of circulating antibodies)
  • Main antibody of primary and secondary responses
  • Crosses placenta to give passive immunity to fetus
  • Fixes complement
26
Q

IgE

A
  • Secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae of GI and respiratory tracts, tonsils
  • Binds to mast cells and basophils
  • Triggers release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and certain allergic responses
27
Q

Four ways antibodies act against antigens

A
  • Complement fixation
  • Agglutination
  • Precipitation
  • Neutralization
28
Q

Complement fixation

A
  • Complement is fixed/activated during innate defenses
  • Very efficient when it binds to antibodies attached to cellular targets
  • Can lead to MAC attack: creates holes on foreign cell’s surface, allowing water to rush in and burst cell
29
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Clumping of foreign cells

- Occurs when mismatched blood is transfused

30
Q

Neutralization

A
  • Antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial toxic chemicals or on viruses that can cause cell injury
  • Block harmful effects of chemicals or virus
31
Q

Precipitation

A
  • Cross-linking process of antigen-antibody complex
  • Result is so large that they become insoluble and settle out of solution
    Immobilized antigen molecules (more easily captured and engulfed)
32
Q

Active Immunity

A
  • When our B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
  • Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
  • Artificially acquired when we receive vaccines
33
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Antibodies obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor
  • B cells are NOT challenged by antigen
  • Immunological memory does NOT occur
  • Temporary protection provided by “borrowed antibodies” ends when they degrade in the body
  • Naturally acquired: mom to fetus
  • Artificially acquired: injection of immune serum
34
Q

Antimicrobial substances

A
  • Complement proteins
  • Interferons
  • Fluids with acid pH
35
Q

Inflammatory process, post-alarm (3 steps)

A
  1. ) Neutrophils enter blood and travel along vessel walls, following scent
  2. ) Diapedesis: they flatten out and squeeze through capillary wall where scent is strongest
  3. ) Positive chemotaxis: they gather at injury site and devour foreign material
36
Q

Important aspects of adaptive defense (3)

A
  1. It is antigen-specific
  2. It is systemic
  3. It has memory
37
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide
  • Attract other types of protective WBCs to area (neutrophils)
  • Enhance ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy; increase their appetite

Anatomy & Physiology (21 decks)

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