Endocrine Glands & Hormones Flashcards
Growth hormone (GH)
- Anterior pituitary
- Non-tropic
- Stimulates growth in long bones and skeletal muscles
Prolactin (PRL)
- Anterior pituitary
- Non-tropic
- Stimulates milk production in breast tissue after childbirth
Adrinocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Anterior pituitary
- Tropic
- Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Anterior pituitary
- Tropic
- Stimulates the thyroid gland’s growth and activity
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Anterior pituitary
- Tropic
- Stimulates production of ova and sperm in the ovaries and testes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Anterior pituitary
- Tropic
- Triggers ovulation in females, stimulates testosterone production in males
Oxytocin
- Posterior pituitary
- Causes contraction of uterus and milk ejection, breast “let-down” reflex
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Posterior pituitary
- promotes water reabsorption and retention by the kidneys
- inhibits urine production
Calcitonin
- Thyroid
- Reduces blood calcium levels
Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4)
- Thyroid
- Stimulates metabolism
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Parathyroid
- Raises blood calcium levels
Epinephrine (adrenaline) & Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Adrenal medulla
- Raises blood glucose levels, increases rate of metabolism, constricts some blood vessels
- Response to short-term stressors (fight or flight)
Mineralocorticoids
- Adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa (outer layer)
- E.g., Aldosterone
- Targets the kidneys to bring salt in (and therefore water)
Glucocorticoids
- Adrenal cortex, zona fasiculata (middle layer)
- E.g., cortisol, cortisone
- Promotes normal cell metabolism, increase blood glucose levels
- Reduces long-term stressors
- Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
- Adrenal cortex, zona reticularis (inner layer)
- Mainly androgens produced but some estrogens too
- Small amounts made throughout life
Insulin
- Pancreas
- Reduces blood glucose levels
Glucagon
- Pancreas
- Raises blood glucose levels
Melatonin
- Pineal gland
- Helps establish sleep/wake cycles
- Coordinates hormones of fertility
Anterior pituitary
- Hanging from hypothalamus
- Epithelial (glandular) tissue
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Posterior pituitary
- Hanging from hypothalamus
- neural tissue
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid
- Base of throat, inferior to Adam’s Apple
- Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
- Calcitonin
Parathyroid
- Posterior surface of thyroid
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Medulla
- Adrenal glands are bean shaped, curve over top of kidneys
- Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
- Adrenal glands are bean shaped, curve over top of kidneys
3 layers
Inner (zona reticularis): gonadocorticoids (sex hormones - androgens, estrogens)
Middle (zona fasiculata): glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortizone)
Outer (zona glomerulosa): mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Pancreas
- Close to stomach in abdominal cavity
- Insulin
- Glucagon
Hypo/hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
Hyposecretion: pituitary dwarfism in childhood
Hypersecretion: gigantism in childhood, agromegaly in adulthood
Hyposecretion of ADH
Hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus
Hypo/hypersecretion of thyroxine (T4)
Hyposecretion: cretinism in children, myxedema in adults
Hypersecretion: results FROM Graves’ disease and other hyperthyroidisms
Hypo/hypersecretion of PTH
Hyposecretion: tetany
Hypersecretion: extreme bone wasting and fractures
Hypo/hypersecretion of Adrenal cortex hormones
Hypoactivity: Addison’s disease
Hypersecretion: hyperaldosteronism, Cushing’s disease, and/or masculinization
Hypersecretion of Adrenal medulla hormones
Hypersecretion: symptons typical of sympathetic nervous system overactivity
Hyposecretion of insulin
Hyposecretion: diabetes mellatus (severly disturbs body metabolism)
Hyposecretion of gonadal hormones
Hyposecretion: infertility (in males and females both)
