Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 NSF > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Regulation of fluid and volume, electrolyte balance, excretion of waste, production of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does filtration and collection occur in the kidneys?

A

Filtration- cortex

Collection- medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Order these organs from start to finish: Ureter, urethra, kidney, bladder

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Outline blood flow in kidneys

A

Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vain, renal vein

Really, Small, Indians, Aim, Inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After filtration in the glomerulus describe the route of the filtrate to the collecting duct?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of henle, ascending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the nephron enter the medulla?

A

At the bottom of the loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What force is responsible for filtration?

A

The difference in hydrostatic pressure and protein-osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the glomerular filtration rate high?

A

To remove toxic substances quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the GFR high?

A

Large SA across filtration and size difference between afferent and efferent arterioles and low resistance of thin porus membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

The process of returning substances from filtrate back to renal interstitial then renal blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the mechanisms of tubular reabsorption?

A

active transporters, osmosis, solvent drag, co-trasporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What three barriers filter the blood?

A

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the endothelial cells filtrate?

A

Prevents blood cells allows components to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the basal lamina filter?

A

Prevents large proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do podocytes prevent filtration of?

A

Medium sized proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the definition of the GFR?

A

Volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into bowmans space per min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between paracellular and transcellular reabsorption?

A

Paracellular- between cells

Transcellular- through cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does tubular reabsorption occur in the proximal tubule?

A

Na+ is diffuses from lumen into tubular cell is pumped into interstitial fluid and diffuses into capillaries, water follows by osmosis, causing solvent drag, this increases conc gradients of all other ions, chloride moves down electrochemical gradient, therefore K, Ca, Mg diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the proximal tubule increase surface area?

A

Tubular luminal side has villi like structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

Secondary active transport using Na, glucose symporter then diffusion into the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes glucose to reach the urine?

A

Filtration of glucose can saturate, reabsorption can be saturated and no where else can absorb the glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is phosphate reabsorbed and regulated?

A

Reabsorbed same as glucose, regulated by parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does Na/H exchanger allow reabsorption of Bicarbonate?

A

Binds to bicarbonate producing H2O and CO2 which can pass through into the proximal tubule cells and bicarbonate is reproduced using carbonic anhydrase and diffuses into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is not all H+ effective for reabsorbing bicarbonate?

A

Some binds to HPO4 and is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are the small proteins returned to blood?

A

Endocytosis in the PCT, degradation in tubular cells to amino acids diffuses into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is a high filtration rate needed to prevent high concentration of Urea being reabsorbed?

A

Urea is slightly lipid soluble so can move down concentration gradient into blood therefore high rate needed to prevent more of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why does water leave the descending limb by osmosis?

A

The solute from the ascending limb increases ISF concentration water follows by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the osmolarity change down the medulla?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the LOH and vase recta cause a counter current?

A

Vassa recta runs parallel and in opposite direction of LOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why does the osmolarity of the vassa recta increase down the medulla

A

As it runs down the ions of ascending limb diffuse in increasing osmolarity as it runs up by descending limb water moves in by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does the LOH create concentrated urine whilst reabsorbing most water?

A

The ascending limb pumps out solute causing water to leave descending causing an increase in concentration from water loss then when solute pumped out reducing concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does the LOH cause less concentrated fluid whilst reabsorbing most water?

A

The ascending limb pumps out solute causing water to leave descending causing an increase in concentration from water loss then when solute pumped out reducing concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which of the limbs of the LOH are permeable and non permeable to water?

A

Ascending non-permeable

Descending permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is ADH secreted?

A

Posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does ADH cause?

A

Insets aqua porins into apical membrane of collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is urea recycled?

A

To contribute to the medulla osmotic gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is urea released from for recycling?

A

Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why does water leave the collecting duct along the whole tube?

A

Countercurrent system from osmotic gradient in medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does selective reabsorption of Ca occur?

A

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What controls reabsorption of Ca?

A

Parathyroid hormone- increases ca/decreases Phosphate reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Is Phosphorus reabsorbed in DCT and CD?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What ions does the ascending limb of the LOH pump out?

A

Na
K
Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the cells lining the DCT called?

A

Principal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does the DCT increase K in the urine?

A

Sodium potassium ATPase from peritubular capillaries into principal cell which causes Na to diffuse in and K to diffuse out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What controls the NaK ATPase in DCT?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How is H+ changed in the urine in DCT?

A

H+ATPase

H+K+ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What cells pump H+ into urine in DCT?

A

Intercalated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the two types of intercalated cells?

A

Type A- works during acidosis (produces H+/HCO3- from CO2 and water)
Type B- work during alkalosis do the opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does type b intercalated cell do during alkalosis?

A

Produces bicarbonate/H+ from H2O and CO2, bicarbonate exchanged for Cl-, H+ pumped or exchanged for K+ into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the problem with the GFR being too high or too low?

A

Too high- too much filtrate produced and lost in urine

Too low- certain waste substances may not be excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How is the GFR auto regulated?

A

The resistance of the afferent arteriole, GFR decreases when afferent constricts and increases when arteriole dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the two mechanisms of auto regulation?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

Myogenic response

54
Q

What makes up the juxtamedullary apparatus?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells

55
Q

Where is the juxtamedullar apparatus located?

A

Between the ascending loop of Henley and the arteriole walls

56
Q

How do the macula densa cells of the juxtameduallry apparatus decrease and increase GFR?

A

The detect increase or decrease in GFR and send paracrine signal to either constrict or relax arterioles

57
Q

How does the kidney respond to the efferent arteriole being contracted due to the ANS system?

A

Contracts more to maintain GFR and prevent kidney failure

58
Q

How much of K+ is filtered?

A

100%

59
Q

What regulates the Na/K pumps in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

What detects the amount of K+ in the ECF?

A

Adrenal cortex

61
Q

What does aldosterone stimulate in the DCT?

A

Stimulates pumps in the DCT and collecting ducts to secrete more K+

62
Q

Where is aldosterone in the adrenal gland released from?

A

Zona glomerulosa

63
Q

Where is adrenaline and noradrenaline released form in the adrenal gland?

A

Medulla

64
Q

Where is angiotensin synthesised?

A

The liver

65
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

Juxtaglomerular cell

66
Q

What does renin convert angiotensin to?

A

angiotensin I

67
Q

What converts angiotensin I to II?

A

ACE in the lungs (angiotensin converting enzyme)

68
Q

What does angiotensin II cause the adrenal cortex to do?

A

Release aldosterone

69
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates principal cells in the collecting ducts to secrete more K+ and reabsorb more Na/Cl, therefore more water is reabsorbed increasing blood volume/pressure

70
Q

What are the 4 effects of angiotensin in response to decreased blood pressure?

A

Arterioles vasoconstrict
Adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone
Hypothalamus secretes ADH and increases thirst
Medulla oblongata reflex increases blood pressure

71
Q

What are the effects of natriuretic peptides?

A

Afferent arterioles dilate
Adrenal cortex decreases aldosterone secretion
Nephron decreases water and Na reabsorption
Hypothalamus decreases ADH secretion

72
Q

Describe the generic histological structure of the urinary tract

A

Mucosa- sheet of epithelium, mostly transitional, lamina propria
Sub-mucosa- merged with lamina propria
Muscularis- 2-3 layers of smooth muscle
Adventia- lose FECT

73
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in the bladder?

A

longitudinal
circular
Longitudinal

74
Q

How does the mucosa of the urethrae start and finish?

A

Starts as transitional and ends as stratified squamous

75
Q

What muscle controls outflow of urine?

A

Detrusor muscle (bladder wall)
Internal urethral sphincter (smooth)
External urethral sphincter (skeletal)

76
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the muscles of the bladder

A

Parasympathetic- contracts detrusor
Sympathetic- relaxes detrusor, contracts internal sphincter
Somatic- controls external sphincter

77
Q

What causes contraction of the sympathetic muscles of the bladder?

A

Noradrenaline on Beta 2 receptors on detrusor muscle and alpha 1 on internal sphincter muscle

78
Q

What happens when the bladder is full?

A

When filling is sufficient to stretch smooth muscle there is a myogenic reflex

79
Q

What are the two reflexes caused by the myogenic reflex?

A

Activation of the parasympathetic motor nerves to the bladder (contraction of detrusor, relaxation of internal sphincter)
Inhibition of the somatic motor drive to the external sphincter

80
Q

What two changes allows the bladder to empty?

A

Contraction of detrusor

Inhibition of continuous excitation

81
Q

How is voluntary control of the bladder learned?

A

CNS overides reflexes

82
Q

What does the hypogastric nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Sympathetic and motor to internal sphincter and detrusor

83
Q

What kind of nerve supply does the pelvic nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic and motor to the detrusor

84
Q

What part of the bladder does the pudenal nerve supply?

A

Somatic motor

85
Q

What % of body weight is water?

A

60%

86
Q

What fraction of the body water is ECF and ICF?

A

ECF- 1/3

ICF- 2/3

87
Q

What is the normal rate of fluid intake?

A

2ml/kg/hr

88
Q

What is the normal rate of fluid loss?

A

1ml/kg/hr

89
Q

What are the two categories of fluid loss?

A

Sensible and insensible

90
Q

What are some examples of sensible fluid loss?

A

Kidneys

91
Q

What are some examples of insensible fluid loss?

A

Skin, breathing, faeces

92
Q

What monitors osmolarity of blood and where are they?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

93
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in response tho and increase in osmolarity?

A

Increases production and release of ADH

94
Q

What causes the thirst centre to be stimulated?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity by 3%

95
Q

How does the response to increased osmolarity result in decreased osmolarity?

A

Increased ADH, decreases excretion of water and therefore decreases osmolarity, also increases sense of thirst, ingestion of water decreases osmolarity

96
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increased permeability of collecting ducts to water by promoting insertion of aqua porins into principal cells

97
Q

When might ADH be released in very large quantitates?

A

If an animal haemorrhages, to minimise sensible loss

98
Q

How much of ingested Na+ is absorbed?

A

All of it, not regulated

99
Q

How is blood volume and pressure monitored?

A

Blood pressure- baroreceptors

Blood volume- stretch receptors

100
Q

What three hormones regulate Na+?

A

Angiotensin II, aldosterone, natriuritic peptides

101
Q

What do angiotensin II and aldosterone do?

A

Promote NA/CL reabsorption when dehydrated

102
Q

What do natriuritic peptides do?

A

Promote excretion of NA/CL to decrease blood volume

103
Q

What are the homoeostatic mechanisms to a reduce in blood volume?

A

Decreased venous return to the heart, decreases atrial pressure, decreases stroke volume, decreases atrial blood pressure, decreases GFR, blood volume normalises

104
Q

How does angiotensin II help a reduction in blood volume?

A

Reduced atrial pressure, increases sympathetic action to the kidneys, increased angeotensin, decreases GFR

105
Q

What is the effects of renin on blood volume?

A

Renin causes the release of angeotensin II causing increased aldosterone release therefore increased Na reabsorption, water follows, therefore increases blood volume

106
Q

What is the range of pH for normal ECF?

A

7.35- 7.45

107
Q

What are the byproducts of metabolise reactions that result in an increase in pH?

A

H+ and CO2

108
Q

What are the three ways the body corrects pH?

A

Buffer systems- act quickly to temporarily bind excess H+ or OH-
Changing the rate and depth of breathing CO2 us exhaled or retained
Kidney excretion/reabsorption of acidic or basic ions

109
Q

What is the first line of defence against change in pH?

A

buffers

110
Q

What are the 5 buffers the body uses and where are they found?

A

HCO3- in ECF
Proteins and haemoglobin in cells
Phosphates and ammonia in urine

111
Q

How does the body breathing rate respond to an increase or in plasma ph?

A

An increase in plasma ph is detected in the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors, this send impulses to the respiratory centre in the hypothalamus, increases rate and depth of breathing, lowers plasma CO2, decreasing plasma Ph

112
Q

What are the limitations of controlling of using the respiratory system for correction of acid-base balances?

A

Only functions when respiratory and control centres are working normally
Limited by the availability of bicarbonate ions
Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2 levels

113
Q

How much bicarbonate is filtered and reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

100% filtered and absorbed

80-90% in the PCT, 10-20% in LOH

114
Q

Why are some protons not reabsorbed in the PCT and LOH?

A

Some protons bind to non-bicarbonate buffers e/g phosphate and therefore are lost in the urine

115
Q

What are the two types of intercalated cells found in the distal nephron?

A

Type A- during acidosis

Type B- during alkalosis

116
Q

How do type A intercalated cells help prevent acidosis?

A

Carbonic anhydrase produces H+ and bicarbonate
H+ ATPase pumps H+ into the collecting duct
H+K+ATPase exchanges H+ for K+
Bicarbonate exchanged for Cl-
Therefore H+ is produced from the plasma and pumped out into the collecting duct and bicarbonate is pumped back into the plasma to further act as a buffer

117
Q

Where are intercalated cells found?

A

Distal nephron

118
Q

How do type B intercalated cells help prevent acidosis?

A

H+ATPase and H+K+ATPase both pump H+ into the blood
Carbonic anhydrase produces H+ and bicarbonate
Bicarbonate in pumped into the collecting duct

119
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

When CO2 accumulates because of hypoventilation

120
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Occurs when non-respiratory acids accumulate or the acid load is normal but bicarbonate is deficient

121
Q

What can cause decreased bicarbonate?

A

Chronic diarrhoea

Loss of kidney function therefore reduces reabsorption

122
Q

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity?

A

1.025- 1.045

123
Q

What are some abnormal constituents of urine?

A 
Glucose
Blood
Protein
Ketones
Cells
124
Q

If GFR is reduced or stopes what would be the main changes to the composition of blood?

A

Increase in concentration of urea and creatinine
Increase in concentration of K+ in blood
Increase in concentration of inorganic phosphate in blood
Decrease in concentration of bicarbonate

125
Q

What is azotaemia?

A

Increased nitrogenous waste products in blood

126
Q

What is the difference between prerenal and renal azotaemia?

A

In prerenal the pathology is occurring before the kidney and animal is able to concentrate urine
If renal there is specific problem with the kidneys and the animal is not able to concentrate urine

127
Q

How might hyperkalameia occur?

A

If the animal is eating and taking in potassium with reduced kidney function
Acidosis- K+ exchanged for H+

128
Q

Why might hypokalaemia occur?

A

If animals stop eating and taking in potassium with kidney disease, so continue to lose K+

129
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypo/hyperkalaemia?

A

Hyper- nerve cells iniatially more excitable but depolarised cells cannot repolarise properly- bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmiaa
Hypo= nerve and muscle cells hyper polarised and less exitable- muscle weakness

130
Q

What is Addisons disease in dogs?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism- dogs cannot produce enough hormone from the cortex, too little aldosterone

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions