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Year 1 NSF > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is prehension?

A

Movement of food into the oral cavity using tongue, lips and teeth

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2
Q

What is mechanical breakdown?

A

Mastication to reduce the size of food

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3
Q

What is muccin?

A

Mixture of mucous and water

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4
Q

What is salivation for?

A

Mucous for lubrication, some contain enzymes for digestion

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5
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

parotid/ serous gland

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6
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

Mucin, amylase (omnivores), bicarbonate, phosphate (ruminants), lysosome, antibodies, protein binding tannins, urea (ruminants)

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7
Q

What effects the composition of salivary in non-ruminants?

A

Secretion comp effected by blood flow- primary secretion isotonic with blood, at low flow secretion hypotonic, at high rates remains isotonic

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8
Q

How is a ruminants composition of saliva affected?

A

Secretion is always isotonic to blood, at low flow PO4 predominates, at high HCO3 predominates

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9
Q

How is secretion of saliva regulated?

A

Regulated by neural control, sympathetic reduced, parasympathetic increased, can be congenital (taste), conditioned (pavlov)

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10
Q

What are the different types of motility in the abdomen?

A

Segmental- breakdown/mix, peristaltic- aboral direction

anti-peristaltic- oral direction

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11
Q

What is used for chemical breakdown in digestion?

A

ions, mucous, enzymes

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12
Q

What happens to chemicals after chemical breakdown?

A

reabsorbed

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13
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominus, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominal

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14
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the rectus abdominis?

A

O- ventral surface of ribs

I- cranial pubis

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15
Q

How are the left and right side of the rectus abdomens separated?

A

Line alba

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16
Q

What is the outermost abdominal wall muscle?

A

External abdominal oblique

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17
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the external abdominal obliques?

A

O- lateral caudal surface of ribs 4+/lumbodorsal fascia

I- linea alba/ pre-pubic tendon

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18
Q

What direction do external abdominal oblique muscle fibres run?

A

caudo-ventral

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19
Q

What is the order from outside to inside of transverse abdominal muscles?

A

External abdominal oblique, Internal abdominal oblique, Transverse abdominal

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20
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?

A

O- coxal tuber/lumbodorsal fascia

I- linea alba, last rib and cartilages of caudal ribs

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21
Q

What direction do fibres of the internal abdominal oblique run?

A

Cranio-ventrally

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22
Q

What is the origin and Insertion of the transverse abdominal?

A

O- medial ventral ribs/ deep lumbosacral fascia

I- linea alba

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23
Q

How do fibres of the transverse abdominal run?

A

Transversely

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24
Q

How is the linea alba formed?

A

Tendons of lateral abdominal wall muscles pass above and below the rectus abdominis to join milling forming aponeurosis and the linea alba

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25
Q

What section of the spinal cord innervates the abdominal wall muscles?

A

T13 and L1-L5

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26
Q

How does the dorsal and ventral routes innervate the abdominal wall?

A 
Dorsal roots- dorsal muscle
Ventral roots- 3 branches 
1) medial between TA and IAO to RA
2) lateral between IAO/EAO to midway
3) lateral cutaneous perforates EAO to skin
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27
Q

What in the embryo does the epithelial lining and exocrine glands develop from?

A

Endoderm

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28
Q

What does muscle and connective tissue develop from in the embryo?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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29
Q

What does the foregut in the embryo develop into?

A

pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and initial duodenum

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30
Q

What does the mid gut from the embryo develop into?

A

Rest of the duodenum, jejunum, ilium, caecum and ascending and transverse colon

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31
Q

What does the hindgut from the embryo differentiate into

A

descending colon and rectum

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32
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane that line the abdominal cavity and envelope abdominal organs

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33
Q

What does the parietal membrane of the peritoneum cover?

A

Lines the abdominal wall and extends through inguinal canal

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34
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

A

Lines organ surface and envelopes organs

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35
Q

What are the different ways the peritoneum be connected?

A

Mesenteric, Omentum, Fold, Ligament

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36
Q

What is a mesenteric part of peritoneum?

A

Bowel to body wall (SI/LI)

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37
Q

What is a omentum connection of peritoneum?

A

Stomach to something

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38
Q

What is a fold in the peritoneum?

A

Connects bowl/organ to one-another

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39
Q

What does a ligament of the peritoneum connect?

A

Organ to body wall

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40
Q

What does the diaphragm define in the abdomen?

A

The cranial border

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41
Q

How does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

Oesophogeal hiatus

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42
Q

What is the diffecence between the abdominal and peritoneal cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity contains all abdominal organs and structures, peritoneal cavity is potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

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43
Q

How many lobes does a liver have?

A

4 lobes
left and right (split medial/lateral in dog)
caudate and quadrate

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44
Q

What are the three ducts of the gall bladder?

A

Common bile, hepatic and cystic

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45
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the liver?

A

coronary ligament, R and L triangular ligament, falciform/round ligament

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46
Q

What are the three areas of the stomach?

A

Fundus = blind ending, Corpus- body, Pylorus

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47
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the stomach?

A

greater/lesser omentum, gastro-splenic ligament

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48
Q

Where is the spleen found in the abdomen?

A

left side of the abdomen

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49
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the spleen?

A

Gastro-splenic ligament

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50
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ilium

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51
Q

What three ducts exit into the duodenum?

A

Bile duct, pancreatic duct and accessory duct

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52
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the duodenum?

A

mesoduodenum, duodeno-colic fold, hepato-duodenal ligament

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53
Q

How many lobes does a pancreas have?

A

2

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54
Q

What direction does the right lobe of the pancreas run in?

A

Cranio-caudal

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55
Q

What direction is the left lobe of the pancreas running in?

A

Medio-laterally

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56
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the pancreas?

A

right lobe mesoduodenum

left lobe greater omentum

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57
Q

Which is the largest part of the small intestine?

A

jejunum

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58
Q

What is covered by the greater omentum?

A

jejunum

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59
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the jejunum?

A

meso-jejunum

60
Q

Where does the ilium enter the large intestine?

A

cacao-colic junction

61
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the ileum?

A

ilio-ceacal fold, meso ileum

62
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine?

A

Caecum

63
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the caecum?

A

ileo-caecal fold, cacao-colic fold

64
Q

What are the 4 parts to the colon?

A

Acending, transverse, descending, rectum

65
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the colon?

A

Meso-colon

66
Q

What causes short reflex arcs in the digestive tract?

A

Enteric nervous system (sensory and motor with in GI)

67
Q

What causes long reflex arcs in the digestive tract?

A

Autonomic nervous system

68
Q

What do the sensory neurones respond to in the enteric system?

A

Content of lumen and stretch

69
Q

What do enteric motor neurones stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle or secretion

70
Q

How are complex arcs formed in the GI?

A

Simple arcs connected by interneurons

71
Q

What main neurotransmitter do short arcs use?

A

Acetylcholine

72
Q

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters mainly do in the GI?

A

Relax sphincters

73
Q

Where do the parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic neurones run and what neurotransmitter do they use?

A

Pre-ganglionic in vagus
Post-ganglionic in wall of GI tract

Both acetyl choline

74
Q

Where do the sympathetic pre and post ganglionic nerves run and what neurotransmitter do they use?

A

Pre-ganglionic run in splanchnic nerves- acetylcholine

Post-ganglionic run along arteries to organ or hypogastric nerves- adrenergic

75
Q

How does the ANS have a connection to the central nervous system?

A

Enters-enteric reflexes- coordinate activity between different parts of the GI

76
Q

What 4 hormones are secreted for regulation of the GI tract?

A

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastric inhibitory peptide

77
Q

Where are the gastrin, secreting cholecystokinin, GIP hormones produced?

A

Gastrin- caudal stomach
Secretin/CCK- duodenum
GIP- cranial small intestine

78
Q

What stimulates the production of gastrin?

A

Peptides/amino acids and acetyl choline

79
Q

What are the effects of gastrin?

A

Stimulates HCL

80
Q

What stimulates secretin?

A

HCL

81
Q

What effect does secretin have?

A

Stimulates pancreatic HCO3-

82
Q

What stimulates CCK?

A

Fatty acids, monoglycerides, amino acids, peptides

83
Q

What does CCK effect?

A

Pancreatic enzymes production and contraction of gall bladder

84
Q

What stimulates GIP?

A

Fat, glucose, amino acids

85
Q

What are the effects of GIP?

A

Inhibits HCL, stimulates insulin production

86
Q

What are the different phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic, Gastric, Intestinal

87
Q

What coordinates each phase of digestion?

A

Cephalic- ANS
Gastric- ANS/ENS and hormones
Intestinal- ANS/ENS and hormones

88
Q

What controls the regulation of appetite?

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Where is the appetite centre in the hypothalamus?

A

Ventro-lateral

90
Q

What effects does the appetite centre go the hypothalamus have?

A

Food searching and eager to eat (behaviour)

91
Q

What is the satiety centre of the hypothalamus?

A

Causes refusal of food and inhibits appetite

92
Q

Where is the satiety centre in the hypothalamus?

A

Ventro-medial

93
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the hypothalamus?

A

Unknown- hypothesised Glucose, CCK or fat

94
Q

What causes motility of the digestive tract?

A

Smooth muscle

95
Q

What are the 4 different types of contraction?

A

Segmental, Peristalsis, anti-peristalsis, mass movement

96
Q

How is contraction controlled in the GI tract?

A

Pacemaker cells give repetitive, spontaneous oscillations which only reach threshold with stimulus

97
Q

Where are pacemaker cells located?

A

Between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

98
Q

How is synchronisation of smooth muscle achieved?

A

Transfer of oscillations by gap junctions

99
Q

Describe the anatomy of the oesophagus

A

Mucosal- stratified squamous
Sub-mucosal
Mucular- inner circular/outer longitudinal, smooth muscle
Serosal- Adventia- (loose CT) only in neck

100
Q

How is food swallowed?

A

Food moulded into bolus by tongue, moved up by pharynx, epiglottis closes of trachea, upper sphincter opens, contraction, lower sphincter opens

101
Q

What happens after food reaches the stomach to the oesophagus?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter closes, epiglottis opens, lower oesophageal sphincter closes

102
Q

What are the 4 functions of the stomach?

A

Digestion- starch/protein
Protection- acid kills bacteria
Storage- food held for SI
Mechanical breakdown- chyme

103
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Corpus
Pylorus

104
Q

Which region of the stomach forms the entrance and valve?

A

Cardia

105
Q

Which region of the stomach forms the main body?

A

Corpus

106
Q

Which region of the stomach is blind ending?

A

Fundus

107
Q

Which region of the stomach forms the exit?

A

Pylorus

108
Q

What are the 4 types of cells of the stomach and what do they secrete?

A

Mucous
Parietal- secrete HCL
Chief- secrete pepsinogen
Entero-endocrine- secretes hormones

109
Q

Which two embryological regions secrete mucous only?

A

Pyloric- pylorus

Cardiac- fungus

110
Q

Which embryological region secretes mucous and gastric juices?

A

Fundic region- corpus

111
Q

What does the oesophageal embryological region form?

A

Cardia

112
Q

What are the 4 things the motility of the stomach controls?

A

Preparing to receive a meal
Mix and mechanically breakdown
Prevent regurgitation
Empty contents

113
Q

What does the stomach do when the animal begins eating?

A

Initial relaxation to accommodate- regulated by vagus (neurotransmitter= vasoactive inhibitory peptide)

114
Q

What is the main type of contraction of the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

115
Q

Describe contraction in the stomach

A

Starts with weak contractions at fundus, propogated down corpus, pyloric sphincter opens, allowing chyme into duodenum, when contraction reaches pylorus the pyloric sphincter closes

116
Q

What regulates stomach emptying?

A

Strength of contraction

open/closing of pyloric sphincter

117
Q

What stimulates the stomach emptying?

A

neural- expansion of stomach wall increases contraction

hormonal- release of gastrin increases contraction and relaxes pyloric sphincter

118
Q

What causes inhibition of emptying?

A

Duodenum can inhibit due to increased pressure, low pH, high fat/osmolarity

119
Q

What is used for neural and hormonal stimulation?

A

Neural-sympathetic/ parasympathetic system

Hormonal- secretin, CCK, GIP

120
Q

How is starch digested in the stomach?

A

Initiated by amylase in the mouth, but swallowed food enters the centre of the stomach, the secreted acid from the periphery slowly lowers ph allowing more digestion

121
Q

What is the optimum pH for Amylase and what bonds can it break?

A

pH 6

alpha-glycosidic bonds

122
Q

Which two species have adapted stomach to allow more starch digestion?

A

Horses and pigs

123
Q

How much salivary amylase are in the following species?: Horse, Pigs, Carnivore and ruminants

A

Horses- low
Pigs- high
Ruminants- absent
Carnivores- absent

124
Q

Why is the stomach resistant to HCL?

A

Large amounts of mucosa

125
Q

What causes ulcerations?

A

Breech of the mucosa

126
Q

How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin?

A

HCL converts

127
Q

How does HCL prevent fermentation?

A

Killing microbes

128
Q

Why does pepsin need to be inactive inside cells?

A

To prevent the cell protein being broken down

129
Q

What does HCL help in breaking down?

A

Degrades connective and muscle tissue

130
Q

What cells secrete HCL?

A

Parietal cells

131
Q

When is the maximum secretion of HCL and wha tis the pH?

A

2-3 hours after meal (dogs/pigs)

pH- 2-2.5

132
Q

What produces and secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

133
Q

How does pepsin initiate protein digestion?

A

Breaks peptide links adjacent to aromatic acids

134
Q

Other then HCL what activates pepsinogen?

A

Pepsin

135
Q

How is HCL secreted?

A

CO2 from capillary and H2O converted to H2CO3, converted to bicarbonate and H+, exchanged for Cl-, H+ exchanged for K+ using ATP, Cl- diffuses into gland lumen

136
Q

Why does ph of urine increase after a meal?

A

Production of HCL produces bicarbonate before usage in the SI

137
Q

What three substances stimulates secretion?

A

Acetyl choline, histamine, gastrin

138
Q

How do long and short reflex arcs run in the stomach to control protein digestion?

A

Long via vagus

Short locally

139
Q

What is the difference between acetyl choline/gastrin and histamine causing secretion?

A

Acetyl choline and histamine directly

Gastrin uses ECL to produce histamine

140
Q

What cells do histamine and felty choline stimulate?

A

Chief, parietal and mucin cells

141
Q

What cells does Gastrin stimulate?

A

Mainly parietal

142
Q

What stimulates acetyl choline and gastrin in the blood for secretion in stomach?

A

Smell, sight, taste and presence of food

Stomach expansion and peptides

143
Q

Once the food in the duodenum what does stimulation of inhibition depend on?

A

Acidity of food contents

144
Q

What mediates hormonal stimulation?

A

Gastrin via blood

145
Q

Other than mucous layer what protects stomach from HCL?

A

Epithelial cell membrane and interconnecting tight junctions impenetrable

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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