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Year 1 NSF > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What two tissues does the CNS comprise of?

A

Grey and white matter

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2
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Nerve cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

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3
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Axons of nerves

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4
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

nuclei

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5
Q

What causes the colour of white matter?

A

The fat in the myelin sheaths

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6
Q

How is white matter organised in the CNS?

A

organised into bunches called tracts

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7
Q

Where is the grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

A

grey matter is contained inside white matter on the periphery

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8
Q

Where is grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Grey matter forms an outer cortex and white matter a central mass

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9
Q

Where and what is the basal nuclei?

A

In the deep part of the cerebral hemispheres and is interwoven grey and white matter

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10
Q

What is the basal nuclei also know as?

A

Corpus striatum

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11
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What are ridges and furrows in the cerebral cortex called?

A

ridges- gyri

furrows- sulci

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13
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A

longitudinal fissure

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14
Q

How is the cerebrum and cerebellum separated?

A

Transverse fissure

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15
Q

What is the major sulcus which crosses longitudinal fissure called?

A

cruiciate sulcus

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16
Q

What are folds of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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17
Q

What is the major gyrus on the lateral aspect called?

A

sylvan gyrus

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18
Q

What is the cortex of the cerebellum made of?

A

Outer cortex is made up of grey matter with central nuclei

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19
Q

Where is the cerebellum found?

A

caudal to the cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

What does the organises white matter look like?

A

resembles a tree

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21
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebellum often referred to as?

A

arbor vitae

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22
Q

How many lateral hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

2

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23
Q

What is the central part of the cerebellum called?

A

Vermis

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24
Q

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

A

by three peduncles

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25
Q

What fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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26
Q

What does the CSF circulate round the brain in?

A

A series of ventricles

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27
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A

Two lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres communicate with a single third ventricle which surrounds the thalamus, the third communicates with the fourth ventral to the cerebellum and connects to the spinal cord

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28
Q

How can the cerebral hemispheres be divides according to bones of the skull?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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29
Q

How can the cerebral cortex be divided according to function?

A

visual cortex in occipital lobe, motor cortex rostral to cruciate sulcus, somatosensory cortex next caudal sulcus and auditory in temporal

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30
Q

What is the function of the rhinencephalon?

A

Smell (olfaction)

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31
Q

What part of the brain is the rhinoncephallon found?

A

The ventral aspect part of the cerebellum

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32
Q

What is the most rostral part of the brain?

A

Olfactory bulb

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33
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious thought?

A

Cerebral cortex

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34
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for decision making, planning, judgement and motivation

A

The frontal cortex

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35
Q

What is in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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36
Q

What is responsible for personality and social behaviour?

A

Pre-frontral cortex

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37
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

emotion, learning and memory

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38
Q

What is the basal nuclei responsible for?

A

planning and executing movements

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39
Q

What information does the thalamus receive?

A

All sensory other then olfactory

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40
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Connects the nervous and endocrine system

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41
Q

What do the brainstem and medulla oblongata control?

A

basic functions of live (cardiovascular),

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42
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Organises and refines motor function in the body

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43
Q

How many segments are initially in the head?

A

7

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44
Q

What does each of the 7 segments consist of initially?

A

Ectoderm, Somites, Endoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm, segmental arteries, neuraxis, nerves

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45
Q

What is the function of the ectoderm?

A

Forms outer epithelial covering, somatic sensation

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46
Q

How are segments marked externally in development?

A

Lateral indentations which are pharyngeal clefts

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47
Q

What is different about the ectoderm in segments 1 and 2?

A

Deeply invaginated into segments 1 and 3, forming oral opening

48
Q

What is the function of the endoderm?

A

Forms inner epithelial covering, sensation from autonomic efferents and autonomic efferents for motor

49
Q

What does the cephalic part of the fore-gut become?

A

Pharynx

50
Q

What is the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Belt of skeletal muscle that surrounds pharynx in all segments but 1

51
Q

What is each belt of lateral plate mesoderm called?

A

Pharyngeal arch

52
Q

What do the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

Special visceral muscle of the gut tube

53
Q

What innervates the pharyngeal arch?

A

Special visceral efferents

54
Q

What are the functions of somites?

A

Form striated muscle in eyeballs and tongue

55
Q

What innervates the somites?

A

Somatic efferents

56
Q

How many somites does each segment have?

A

a pair

57
Q

What parts of the trunk are obliterated?

A

Somites 4/5, Pharyngeal arch 5, arterial arch 1/2, pharyngeal cleft 5/6, ectoderm 6/7

58
Q

What part of the head fails to develop further?

A

Endoderm arch 2, ectoderm 5-5

59
Q

What migrates in the development of the head?

A

somites 6 and 7

60
Q

How does the oral and nasal cavity form?

A

Paired nasal pits form, breaks through to oral cavity, palatine process grows

61
Q

How does the tongue form?

A

Front of tongue from ectoderm of arch 1, back of tongue endoderm of arch 3, muscle is somites 6 and 7

62
Q

How does the pituitary gland form?

A

Anterior lobe from ectoderm of arch 1 (rathkes pouch), posterior from brain stem

63
Q

What does the thyroid develop from?

A

Diverticulum of arch 2

64
Q

What does the larynx, trachea and lungs develop from?

A

Depression in floor of arches 4 and 6

65
Q

What does cleft 1 form?

A

External ear

66
Q

What does pouch 1 form?

A

middle ear cavity

67
Q

What does pouch 2,3 and 4 form?

A

2- palatine tonsil
3- parathyroid and thymus
4- parathyroid and thymus

68
Q

What does ectoderm 1-5 develop into?

A

1-skin on top
2-rest of skin
3/4/5-small area skin in external ear

69
Q

What do somites 1-3 form?

A

1-3 extrinsic muscles of the eye

70
Q

What do somites 4/5 form?

A

Nothing disappear

71
Q

What do somites s6/7 form?

A

Muscles of the tongue

72
Q

What do the arches form?

A

1- chewing, 2- facial muscles, 3- stylopharyngeus, 4- pharyngeal muscles, 5- disappears, 6- laryngeal muscles

73
Q

What are the function of meninges?

A

Physical protection, facilitate flow of CSF, framework of blood vessels

74
Q

What layers does the dura mater have?

A

Outer- endosteal

Inner- meningeal

75
Q

Where are the two layers of the dura mater distinguishable?

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum where inner layer folds in

76
Q

What does the arachnoid mater look like?

A

Spider web

77
Q

What separates the arachnoid and dura mater?

A

Potential space

78
Q

What part of the meninges is pain sensitive?

A

Dura mater

79
Q

Is the arachnoid mater and Pia meter vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular- arachnoid

Vascular- pia meter

80
Q

What is between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater?

A

CSF and blood vessels

81
Q

What does the Pia mater adhere to?

A

Underlying tissue

82
Q

How does the layers in the spinal cord differ?

A

Indura mater an epidural space is filled with fat

83
Q

What is the area called where the nerve leaves the meninge?

A

Cuff zone

84
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

provides nutrition, acts as cushion, volume buffer, maintains environment, movement of neurotransmitter

85
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In ventricles by the choroid Plexi

86
Q

What cells produce CSF in the choroid Plexi?

A

Transporting ependymal cells

87
Q

What is the composition of CSF?

A

cell/protein free, low amino acid, low K+, low glucose

88
Q

What lines ventricles and central canal to move CSF?

A

Cilia

89
Q

Where does CSF circulate?

A

Subarachnoid space, ventricles of brain, central spinal cord

90
Q

How does CSF drain?

A

Re-absorption into circulation at arachnoid villi (extensions of arachnoid membrane)

91
Q

Where can CSF be sampled from?

A

Behind skull or bottom of spine

92
Q

What does all arterial supply come from in the brain?

A

Cerebral arterial circle?

93
Q

Where is the cerebral arterial circle found?

A

Ventral surrounding hypothalamus

94
Q

What are the three pairs of arteries to cerebral from arterial circle?

A

Caudal, middle, rostral

95
Q

What are the two pairs of arteries to cerebellum from arterial circle?

A

Rostral and caudal

96
Q

What arteries feed the cerebral arterial circle?

A

internal carotid, basilar, maxillary, vertebral

97
Q

How do the arteries supplying the circle supply the blood?

A

Either difextlt or rete mirabile (net) to cool and slow down blood

98
Q

What supplies a dog and horse arterial circle?

A

Internal carotid, basilar

99
Q

What arteries supply arterial circle in sheep and cat?

A

Mainly maxillary via rete miraile

100
Q

What supplies a cows arterial circle?

A

Maxillary, vertebral via 2 rete meribile

101
Q

Why is a blockage in the brain catastrophic?

A

Very little arterial-anatomoses and collateral circulation

102
Q

How is the spinal cord supplied with blood?

A

Branch of vertebral artery cranially and aorta caudally, enter through intervertebral foramina giving off two branches- one in dorsal root and ventral spine artery

103
Q

Why is there potential for a tumour of infection in the venous drainage of CNS?

A

System is slow, bidirectional and intermittent blood flow

104
Q

Where does the brain tissue first drain into?

A

Venous sinuses- dorsal and ventral

105
Q

Where is the ventral sinuses positioned?

A

Within falconers cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

106
Q

Where do the dorsal sagittal sinus and straight sinus receive veins from?

A

Sagittus- cerebral hemispheres

Straight- deeper veins

107
Q

What sinuses run into the tentorium cerebelli?

A

dorsal sagittus, straight sinus, left/right transverse

108
Q

Where are the ventral sinuses found?

A

Between the layers of the dura mater

109
Q

What to sinuses receive blood from the face, nose and orbit?

A

Cavernous sinus and inter-cavernous sinus

110
Q

What do the cavernous sinuses drain into?

A

Dorsal and ventral petrosal sinuses

111
Q

What does the petrosal sinuses drain into?

A

Ventral into basilar then internal vertebral plexus

Dorsal- to transverse confluence of sinuses to systemic circulation

112
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular

113
Q

Which area does each branch of trigeminal branch innervate and receive info from?

A

Ophthalmic- upper eyelid and above
Maxillary- between lower eyelid and top lip
Mandibular- lower lip and below

114
Q

Why does the ophthalmic and maxillary branches only have somatic afferent sensation?

A

Segment 1 in the head loses its pharyngeal arch- only has ectoderm

115
Q

Which nerves of the ophthalmic branch innervate the forehead skin, cornea, dorsal turbinates and medial eyelid?

A

Frontal/zygomatictemporal, long ciliary nerve, ethmoidal nerve, infratrochlear nerve

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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