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Year 1 NSF > Reproduction and Endocrine > Flashcards

Reproduction and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The formation of gametes in the ovaries

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2
Q

How are oogonia developed?

A

In foetal development, primordial cells migrate from yolk sax to ovaries where they differentiate into oogonia

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3
Q

What do some oogonia develop into?

A

Primary oocytes and enter prophase of meiosis 1

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4
Q

What happens at puberty?

A

Several primordial follicles stimulated each month, follicles develop to tertiary follicle, and oocytes to secondary oocyte

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does a secondary oocyte have?

A

Haploid (half)

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6
Q

What occurs at ovulation?

A

tertiary follicle ruptures to expel secondary oocyte

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7
Q

When does the second meiotic occur?

A

After fertilisation

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8
Q

What happens to the follicle after it ruptures?

A

It becomes a corpus luteum

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9
Q

What happens to a corpus luteum if secondary oocyte not fertilised?

A

After 14 days undergoes luteolysis, stops secreting progesterone and becomes corpus albicans

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10
Q

How is the anterior and posterior developed?

A

Anterior- made from endocrine cells from rathkes pouch which wraps around the posterior
Posterior- Extension of hypothalamus into anterior

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11
Q

What controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Neurohormones from hypothalamus via a portal system

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12
Q

What kind of hormones does hypothalamus release which causes anterior to produce what hormones?

A

Hypothalamus- releasing hormone

Anterior- trophic hormone

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13
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A 
FLAT PiG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
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14
Q

What is multi-loop feedback in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

There is a short loop and long loop, which tropic inhibits releasing as well as hormone

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15
Q

What is the structure between anterior and posterior pituitary called?

A

Intermediate lobe

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16
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

The hypothalamus

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17
Q

What does GnRH cause the release of?

A

FSH and LH

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18
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates growth and recruitment of mature follicles

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19
Q

What are the functions of LH?

A

Produces precursors for oestrogen production
Maintains corpus luteum
Stimulates- maturation, ovulation, luteinisation

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20
Q

What do developing follicles and corpus luteum produce after stimulation from FSH and LH?

A

Follicles- Inhibin/oestrogen

CL- Progesterone

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21
Q

Why are developing follicles and corpus luteums transient endocrine glands?

A

They come and go

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22
Q

What does progesterone inhibit?

A

LH and GnRH

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23
Q

What does oestrogen start by inhibiting?

A

LH and GnRH

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24
Q

What does inhibin inhibit?

A

FSH

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25
Q

Why does oestrogen change to positive feedback?

A

The sensitivity of brain changes in the late follicular phase

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26
Q

What is a dominant follicle?

A

A tertiary follicle that produces lots of oestrogen preventing other follicles maturing

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27
Q

What happens after the follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen causes GnRH which causes LH to produce (FSH inhibited by inhibin) increasing oestrogen and so on until ovulation

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28
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

An LH surge from positive feedback

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29
Q

What follows the follicular phase?

A

Luteal phase

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30
Q

What is oestrus?

A

Sexually receptive to the male

31
Q

What is day 0?

A

Oestrus

32
Q

What are the differences between menstrual and oestrus cycle?

A 
Menstral in primates, oestrus in non-primates
No menstural bleeding in oestrus
Oestrus shorter
Day 0 is high oestrogen in oestrus
Day 0 bleeding in menstral
33
Q

How long is the menstral cycle?

A

4 weeks

34
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle?

A

2.5-3 weeks

35
Q

Why can the oestrus cycle be shorter?

A

Follicles develop throughout luteal phase

36
Q

What is mono/polyoestrus?

A

Mono- only one oestrus

Poly- lots of oestrus

37
Q

What animals are polyestrus?

A

Cow, queen, pig, rodents

38
Q

What animals are seasonal polyestrus?

A

Mares

39
Q

What animals are seasonal polyestrus?

A

(Short day)-breed in autumn

Sheep, deer, elk, Goats

40
Q

What animals are monoestrus?

A

Dogs, Wolf, fox, bear

41
Q

Why are dogs not really monoestrus?

A

Selective breeding

42
Q

What causes the pineal gland to produce melatonin?

A

Different light/dark cycles

43
Q

What does melatonin effect?

A

GnRH release

44
Q

What does low melatonin cause in horse and sheep?

A

Horses- increased GnRH

Sheep- Decreased GnRH

45
Q

What causes low melatonin?

A

Long days

46
Q

What causes high melatonin?

A

Long nights

47
Q

What is the difference between spontaneous and reflex ovulators?

A

Reflex is caused by stimulation, spontaneous on a cycle

48
Q

What causes a reflex ovulator to ovulate?

A

Stretch inputs from vagina and sensory inputs increase GnRH to produce ovulation

49
Q

Why do reflex ovulators not ovulate normally?

A

GnRH surge centre not sensitive to high oestrogen, needs extra stimulation

50
Q

What animals are reflex ovulators?

A

Cats, ferrets, rabbits, camels

51
Q

Why do some reflex ovulators need to mate or be spayed?

A

Oestrogen suppresses bone marrow (ferrets)

52
Q

How long is a mares cycle?

A

21 days +-4 days

53
Q

When is oestrus in a mare?

A

5 days +-2 days

54
Q

When do mares ovulate?

A

28-48 hours before end of oestrus

55
Q

How long is a sheeps oestrus period?

A

17 days

56
Q

How long is an sheeps oestrus?

A

30 hours

57
Q

How long is a sheeps gestation period?

A

5 months

58
Q

When does a sheep ovulate?

A

20-25 hours from start of oestrus

59
Q

How long is a horses gestation period?

A

11 months

60
Q

How long is a cows oestrus period?

A

21 days

61
Q

How long does oestrus last?

A

18 hours

62
Q

When is a cows ovulation?

A

20-30 hours from start of oestrus

63
Q

What can stop ovulation?

A

Progesterone

64
Q

What is an ovarian countercurrent?

A

Where things cross from venous supply of uterus to arterial supply of ovaries

65
Q

How can CL be prolonged?

A

remove uterus

66
Q

What does prostaglandin cause of Corpus luteum in horses, cows, pigs and sheep?

A

Causes regression of CL therefore shortening cycle

67
Q

What are the 4 stages to a bitchez oestrus period?

A

Prooestrus, Oestrus, Metero/dioestrus, an oestrus

68
Q

What happens during prooestrus?

A

9 days, bloody discharge does not mate, high oestrogen

69
Q

What happens during a bitchez oestrus?

A

9 days, accepts male

70
Q

What happens during metero/dioestrus?

A

Progesterone dominant phase as if pregnant for 60-70 days

71
Q

What happens during anoestrus?

A

Ovarian inactivity

72
Q

Why can a bitch have puppies with different males?

A

Oestrus over several days

73
Q

When is a bitchez day 0

A

Peak LH

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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