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Year 1 NSF > Forelimb and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Forelimb and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is a locomotor system?

A

Musculoskeletal system that allows wide range of animal movement

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2
Q

What are the adaptions to the locomotor system of cursors?

A

Reduced pectoral skeleton- more cranial movement
Elongation at proximal end of limb
Elongation at distal end of limb

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat and Sesamoid

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4
Q

How can skeletal muscle be attached?

A

Via tendons, via aponeurosis, cervico-thoraco-lumbar fascia, superficial fascia

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5
Q

What is the difference between and intrinsic and extrinsic muscle?

A

Intricnisic- origin and insertion with appendicular skeleton

Extrinsic- origin on axial skeleton

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6
Q

What is the term used for a folding limb?

A

flexion

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7
Q

What is the term used for a stretching limb?

A

extension

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8
Q

What is in the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of vertebral column, skull and ribcage

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9
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Fore and hindlimb bones

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10
Q

What is a diaphysis of a bone?

A

shaft of a bone

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11
Q

What is the epiphysis of a bone?

A

The end

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12
Q

Where is the weakest point of adult bones?

A

Shaft

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13
Q

What is the bottom of a dogs forelimb and hindlimb called?

A

Forelimb- palmar

Hindlimb- plantar

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14
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

Tendons-
Aponeurosis
Fascia

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15
Q

Describe the action of a muscle?

A

Belly contracts and shortens
Points of attachments move closer
Pivot at joint

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16
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the fore limb?

A

Intrinsic- origin and insertion within appendicular skeleton

Extrinsic- origin on abaxial skeleton

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17
Q

What bones make up the forelimb?

A 
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpal
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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18
Q

What are the different regions of a dogs forelimb?

A 
Omo- shoulder
Brachium- arm
Antebrachium- forearm
Carpus- wrist
Manus- hand
Digit- toe
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19
Q

What type of bone is the scapula?

A

Flat bone

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20
Q

Describe all the features of the scapula?

A 
Caudal and cranial angle
Caudal and cranial border
Central spine
Supraspinous fossa- cranial
Infraspinous fossa- caudal
Scapular notch- cranial ventral
Acromion process- bottom of spine
Supraglenoid tubercule- cranial ventral
Glenoid cavity- notch at distal end 
Serrated face- back of bone
Subscapular fossa- back 
Infraglenoid tubercle- caudal ventral
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21
Q

What is the difference between cat and dogs scapulas?

A

More rounded cranial angle in cats
Cats have Suprahamate process- like extension of acromion process
Cats have clavicle

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22
Q

What are the centres of ossification in a scapula?

A

Body

Supraglenoid tubercle

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23
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb?

A 
Brachiocephalic muscle
Omotransversarius 
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus ventralis 
Trapezius 
Rhomboideus 
Pectoral
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24
Q

What is the function of the brachiocephalic muscle?

A

Protractor

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25
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the brachiocephalic muscle?

A

Origin- cervico-thoracic fascia

Insertion- humerus

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26
Q

What is the insertion of the omotransversarius?

A

Origin- transverse wing of the atlas

Insertion- acromion process

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27
Q

What is the function of the omotransvarius?

A

Protracts the limb

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28
Q

What is the function of the lattisimus dorsi?

A

Retractor/ propulsion

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29
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the lattimus dorsi?

A

Origin- thoracolumbar fascia

Insertion- humerus

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30
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the serratus ventralis muscle?

A

Origin- thoracic wall/cervical vertabrae

Insertion- proximal scapula

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31
Q

What is the function of the cranial and causal portion of the serratus ventralis?

A

Cranial- retractor

Caudal- protractor

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32
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius?

A

Origin- cervicothoracic fascia

Insertion- proximal scapular spine

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33
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboideus muscle?

A

Origin- cervicothoracic fascia

Insertion- dorsal border of scapula

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34
Q

What is the function of the trapezius and rhomboideus?

A

Abductors of the limb

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35
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoral muscles?

A

Origin- sternum

Insertion- humerus

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36
Q

What are the two heads of the pectoral muscles called?

A

Deep and superficial

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37
Q

What is the function of the pectoral muscles?

A

Limb adduction

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38
Q

Describe all the features of the humerus?

A 
Long bone
s shaped
Head- articulates
Greater tubercle- other side of head
Lesser tubercle- next to head
neck- under head
Inter-tubercular groove
Condyle- medial/lateral epicondyle
Trochlea- central (peanut) and capitulum 
Olecranon fossa- above hole
Supratrochlear foramen- hole
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39
Q

Which of the medial/lateral epicondyle is bigger?

A

Medial epicondyle is larger

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40
Q

What is the supracondylar foramen?

A

The hole present in cats humerus, allows passage of brachial artery, median nerve

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41
Q

How many centres of ossification does a humerus have?

A 
5
Medial epicondyle
2 in condyle
Body
Proximal epiphyses
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42
Q

What is the vertebral formula of a dog?

A

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20

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43
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerves supply after leaving the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal branches supply dorsal structures

Ventral branches form brachial plexus

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44
Q

Which ventral vertebral neves form the brachial plexus ?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1, T2

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45
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

All intrinsic muscles

Some extrinsic muscles

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46
Q

Which extrinsic muscles does the brachial plexus supply?

A

lattisimus dorsi
Serratus ventralis
Pectorals

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47
Q

Which cartilage covers the articular surface of bones in synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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48
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Nourishes cartilage

Lubricates

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49
Q

Which two muscles cause lateral support of the shoulder?

A

Supraspinatus mucsle

Infraspinatus muscle

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50
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the suprasinatus muscle and infraspinatus muscle?

A

Supraspinatus muscle- O- Supraspinous fossa,
I- Greater tubercle

Infraspinatus- O- infraspinous fossa, I- distal to greater tubercle

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51
Q

What muscle supplies medial support to the shoulder and what are its origin and insertion?

A

Subscapularis muscle
O- subscapular fossa
I- Lesser tubercle

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52
Q

Which nerve innervates the infraspinatus and subscapularis for shoulder support?

A

Subscapular nerve

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53
Q

What is the function of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus other then support?

A

Supraspinatus- extend the shoulder

Infraspinatus- can extend or flex depending on limb position

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54
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis?

A

adduct the shoulder

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55
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

O- supraglenoid tubercle

I- ulnar and radial tuberosities

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56
Q

What nerve innervates the bicep brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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57
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A

Elbow flexor and shoulder extensor

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58
Q

What is the bicipital bursa and what is its function?

A

Bursa found at the origin tendon of the bicep in the inter tubercular groove, protects the tendon or origin, transverse ligament across

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59
Q

Which muscles are responsible for shoulder extension?

A

Brachiocephalicus muscle

Biceps brachii

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60
Q

Which muscles are responsible for shoulder flexion?

A 
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Teres minor 
Deltoideus 
Long head of tricep
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61
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the lattisimus dorsi?

A

O- thoracolumbar fascia

I- teres major tendon on humerus

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62
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the teres major?

A

O- Caudal border of scapula

I- Medial humerus

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63
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the teres minor?

A

O- Infraglenoid tubercle

I- medial humerus

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64
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deltoideus muscles?

A

O- Scapular spine and acromion process

I- Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus

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65
Q

What nerve innervates the deltoideus?

A

Axillary nerve

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66
Q

What nerve innervates the lattisimus dorsi?

A

brachial plexus

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67
Q

What nerve innervates the teres major?

A

Axillary nerve

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68
Q

Which head of the tricep flexes the shoulder?

A

Long head

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69
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the tricep?

A

O- caudal border of scapula

I- olecranon of ulna

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70
Q

What nerve innervates the long head of the tricep?

A

Radial nerve

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71
Q

Which of the ulna and radius is longer?

A

Ulna

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72
Q

Describe the features of the radius

A 
Head
fovea capitis- depressed articular surface
neck- under head
Body
Ulnar notch
Styloid process- pointy bit
distal articular face
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73
Q

Describe the features of the ulna

A 
Olecranon- proximal part of bone
Anconeal process- below olecranon
Trochlear notch- curved bit
Radial notch- below of curve
Coronoid processes- bottom of trochlear notch
Styloid process
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74
Q

What ligaments holds the radius and ulna together?

A

Annular ligament- proximal

Interosseous- distal

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75
Q

Which parts of the ulna and radius articulate together?

A

Radial notch and radius head

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76
Q

What is the space called between the radius and ulna?

A

Interosseous space

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77
Q

What features of the ulna and radius can be palpated?

A

Ulna- olecranon, lateral styloid process

Radius- styloid proces

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78
Q

What is the difference in a cats and dogs radius and ulna?

A

Square olecranon

Radius and ulna diameter similar

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79
Q

How many centres of ossification does the radius and ulna have?

A

Radius- 3

Ulna- 4

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80
Q

How do the ulna radius and humerus articulate?

A

Trochlea with ulna notch and fovea captis

Capitulum with fovea captis

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81
Q

Name all elbow extensors and flexors

A

Extensors- Triceps

Flexors- Biceps brachii, Brachialis muscle

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82
Q

What are the 4 heads of the triceps?

A

Long head
Lateral head
Medial head
Accessory head

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83
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the triceps?

A 
I- All onto olecranon process
Long head O- Caudal border of scapula
Lateral head O- lateral humerus
Medial head O- medial humerus 
Accessory head O- neck of humerus
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84
Q

What nerve innervates the triceps?

A

Radial nerve

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85
Q

Name all elbow joint flexors

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis muscle

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86
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the bicep?

A

O- supraglenoid tubercle

I- proximal radius/ulna

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87
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the brachial muscle?

A

O- Caudal proximal humerus

I- Proximal radius/ulna

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88
Q

Which nerve innervates all elbow flexors?

A

Musculocutaneous

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89
Q

How does the brachialis lie on the humerus?

A

Follows the brachial groove to go laterally and cranially

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90
Q

Which muscles are responsible for rotation of the radius and ulna?

A

Supinator and Protnator teres muscle

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91
Q

Where does the supinator originate and insert and what nerve innervates it?

A

O- lateral epicondyle
I- Proximal radius
Radial Nerve

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92
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the pronator teres muscle and what nerve innervates it?

A

O- Medial epicondyle
I- Proximal radius
Median nerve

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93
Q

Name the order of arteries in the forelimb from subclavian to radial and median

A 
Subclavian to
Axillary to
Brachial branches
Superficial brachial/Median branches 
Median/Radial
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94
Q

How does the median artery branch to supply the digits?

A

Median artery branches ar the superficial palmar arch which gives rise to palmar common digital arteries

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95
Q

How does the caudal interosseous artery supply the digits?

A

Branches at the deep palmar arch giving rise to the digital arteries

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96
Q

How does the superficial brachial artery supply the forepaw?

A

Branches to give rise to dorsal common digital and dorsal digital

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97
Q

How many arteries supply each digit?

A

4 vessels

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98
Q

How do veins return blood flow back to heart from forelimb?

A

Deep system follows arterial blood supply

Superficial system- cephalic drains into jugular

99
Q

Name the bones present in a dogs carpus

A

Proximal row- radial/intermediate, ulnar, accessory carpal

Distal row- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

100
Q

Which bones in the carpus don’t have only 1 centre of ossification?

A

accessory carpal bone has 2

fused radial/intermediate carpal bone has 2

101
Q

What are the names for the three joints of the carpus?

A

Antebrachio-carpal joint
Middle carpal joint
Carpo-metacarpal joint

102
Q

Which joint of the carpus has the most and leat amount of movement?

A

Most- antebrachio-carpal joint

Least- carpo-metacarpal joint

103
Q

What are the two collateral ligaments of the carpus?

A

Lateral- ulna to 5th metacarpal

Medial- radius to 2nd metacarpal

104
Q

What is the retinaculum?

A

Its a sleeve of deep fascia, encloses the carpal region palmar and dorsally and forms the carpal tunnel

105
Q

What is the function of the fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of the carpal joint capsule?

A

Friction free surface for tendons

Maintain of joint extension

106
Q

What are all the components of the manus?

A 
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Sesamoids
107
Q

What is the term used for the 1st digit?

A

Dew claw

108
Q

What are all the different sesamoid bones found in the carpus and manus?

A

Sesamoid next to carpus
Palmer sesamoids x2
Dorsal sesamoid

109
Q

Describe the structure of the distal phalanx

A

Base
Ungual crest
Ungual process

110
Q

What are the names of the three types of joints of the manus?

A

Metacarpo-phalangeal joint (MCP)
Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

111
Q

How is stability of the manus joints achieved?

A

Collateral ligaments

Sagittal ridge

112
Q

What is the function of the proximal palmer sesamoids and dorsal sesamoids?

A

Proximal- protect flexor tendons

Dorsal- protect extensor tendons

113
Q

What tendons and ligaments are associated with the distal inter-phalangeal joints?

A

Deep digital flexor
Common digital extensor
Dorsal elastic ligament

114
Q

What holds cats claws inside sheath and what exposes them?

A

Very strong dorsal elastic ligament holds in

Deep digital flexor tendon exposes them

115
Q

What are all the extension muscles of the carpus?

A

Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi obliquus
Extensor carpi lateralis

116
Q

What is the origin and insertion and innervation of the extension muscles of the carpus?

A

O for all - lateral epicondyle of radius
extensor carpi radialis I- metacarpals
extensor carpid obliquus I- proximal metacarpal II
extensor carpi ulnaris I- 5th metacarpal
Innervated by the radial nerve

117
Q

What 2 muscles are responsible for extension of the digits?

A

Common digital extensor muscle

Lateral digital extensor muscle

118
Q

What is the origin and insertions of the common and lateral digital extensors and what innervates them?

A

Origin- lateral epicondyle of the radius
I common- all digits
I lateral- 4/5th

119
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the flexion of the carpus?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi radialis

120
Q

What nerves innervates both carpus and digit flexion muscles?

A

Median and ulnar

121
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the flexor capri ulnaris and radialis?

A

Ulnaris O- medial epicondyle and olecranon
Ulnaris I- Accesory carpal bone
Radialis O- medial epicondyle
Radialis I- metacarpal bones

122
Q

What are the two muscles for digit flexion?

A

Superficial digital flexor muscle

Deep Digital flexor muscle

123
Q

What is the origin for both digits flexion muscles and the other insertions for the DDF?

A

Medial epicondyle

DDF- Radial and ulnar heads

124
Q

What is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor muscle?

A

I- middle phalanx for all digits

125
Q

What is the insertion of the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

Distal phalanx of all digits

126
Q

What tendon passes through the superficial digital flexor tendon?

A

Deep digital flexor tendon

127
Q

What are the three types of foot pads on a dogs paw?

A

Carpal pad
Metacarpal pad
4 digital pads

128
Q

What are the two layers to skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

129
Q

Which of the layers of skin has a blood and nerve supply?

A

Dermis

130
Q

What is specialised about a claw?

A

Dermis is fused directly to periosteum of ungual process

Epidermis is heavily keratinised

131
Q

How is the position of a dogs claw maintained?

A

Extensor tendons
Dorsal elastic ligament
Balanced by deep digital flexor tendon

132
Q

What are the two lymph nodes found in the forelimb?

A

Prescapular

Axillary

133
Q

What muscle does the sub scapular nerve innervate?

A

Subscapularis

134
Q

Which muscles doe the supra scapular nerve innervate?

A

Supraspinous muscle

Infraspinous muscle

135
Q

Where does the musculocutanoeus nerve supply cutaneous sensation to?

A

Cranial and medial aspect of elbow

medial antebrachium

136
Q

Which muscles does the musculocutanoeous nerve supply?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Corcaobrachialis

137
Q

Where does the axillary nerve supply cutaneous sensation to?

A

Lateral aspect of shoulder and brachium

138
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?

A

Deltoideus

Teres major

139
Q

Where does the median and ulnar nerve provide cutaneous sensation?

A

Caudal and palmar of limb

dorsal aspect of 5th digit

140
Q

Which muscles does the median and ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Carpal and digital flexors
Flexor carpi ulnaris/radialis
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor

141
Q

Where does the radial nerve provide sensory innervation?

A

Dorsal and cranial aspect of limb

142
Q

Which muscles does the radial nerve innervate?

A 
Triceps
Extensors of carpus and digits 
Extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris
Common digital extensor 
Lateral digital extensor
143
Q

Describe the route of the radial nerve

A

Starts medially near scapula
Passes caudal through shoulder
Passes through triceps
Follow musculospiral groove

144
Q

What does unguligrade mean?

A

Walking on hooves

145
Q

Which digit of a horse is weight bearing?

A

3rd digit

146
Q

What is the chestnut on a horse?

A

Vestigial hord pad - 1st metacarpal bone

147
Q

What is the ergot?

A

Horny lump in skin, palmar aspect of metacaropharayngeal joint

148
Q

What is the origin and insertion of a horses bicep brachii?

A

O- Supraglenoid tubercle

I- Proximal radius

149
Q

What difference is there between a horses and dogs humerus?

A

Horses have an intermediate tubercle therefore has two inter-tubercular grooves

150
Q

How is the bicipital bursa different to a dogs in a horse?

A

Separate from shoulder joint capsule

151
Q

What is the lacerates fibrosis in horses?

A

Fibrous extension which joins extensor carpi radialis, inserts on to proximal metacarpal 3, part of stay apparatus

152
Q

What are the differences in the ulna and radius of horses than dogs?

A

Radius and ulna fused- no rotation/ collateral ligaments

153
Q

How many heads does a horses tricep have?

A

3

154
Q

What is a bursa and what’s its function?

A

Fluid filled cushion

155
Q

What are the two bursa found fun the elbow joint of horses?

A

Tricipital bursa- between tendon and olecranon

Subcutaneous bursa- between skin and tenon of insertion of triceps

156
Q

Which carpal bone is not present in horses?

A

1st carpal bone

157
Q

Which carpal joint gives the most movement and the least movement in horses?

A

Most at antebrachio-carpal joint

Least at carpometacarpal joint

158
Q

How is the carpus supported in horses?

A

Collateral ligaments

Palmar fibrocatrilagenous plate

159
Q

What three structures form the carpal canal in horses?

A

Palmar fibrocartilagenous plate
Palmar/flexor retinaculum
Accessory carpal bone

160
Q

What is the difference in what passes in the carpal canal in dogs and horses?

A

Dogs the deep digital flexor tendon passes

Horse both deep digital and superficial digital flexor tendon pass through

161
Q

Which metacarpal bone is weight bearing in horses?

A

3rd

162
Q

What name is used for non-weight bearing metacarpal bones?

A

‘Splint’ bones

2nd/4th

163
Q

Describe the structure of a horses proximal phalanx

A

Raised v on palmar surface

164
Q

Which of the proximal and distal phalanx in horses is shorter?

A

Proximal is longer

165
Q

What is the common term for the distal phalanx?

A

Pedal or coffin bone- burried in hoof

166
Q

Which tendons attach to the distal phlanax in horses?

A

Common digital extensor tendon

Deep digital flexor

167
Q

Describe the structures of the dorsal surface of the coffin bone?

A

Striations for hoof attachment and blood vessels

Vascular channel

168
Q

How many centres of ossification does the following bones have? Metacarpal 2,3,4, proximal middle and distal phalanx?

A 
MC 3- 2
MC 2/4- 2
PP- 2
MP- 2
DP- 1
169
Q

Where are the proximal sesamoid bones found in a horse?

A

Distal end of MC3

Either side of the sagittal ridge

170
Q

What holds the proximal sesamoid bones in place and what do they protect in horses?

A

Embedded in suspensory ligament

Protect superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon

171
Q

What name is given to the dorsal sesamoid bone in horses?

A

Navicular bone

172
Q

Why does the navicular dorsal sesamoid bone have two flat surfaces?

A

Articulation with distal and middle phalanx

173
Q

What does the palmar surface of the dorsal sesamoid bone do?

A

Guides the deep digital flexor tendon over the distal interphalangeal joint

174
Q

Which two bones are involved in the metacarpo-phalangeal joint or fetlock joint?

A

MC3 and proximal phalanx

175
Q

Which bone is absent in the horses metacarpi-phalangeal joint?

A

Dorsal sesamoid

176
Q

Where is the sagittal groove found in horses forelimb?

A

Proximal of the proximal phalanx

177
Q

Where are the collateral ligaments found in the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

2 from the metacarpal to proximal phalanx

178
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament found in the horses fore limb?

A

Prevent collapse of metacarpo-phalangeal joint during weight bearing
Return joint from hyperextension to normal

179
Q

Describe the structure of the suspensory ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint in horses?

A

Originates from proximal palmar metacarpal 3
branches into two above proximal sesamoids
Fuses with common digital extensor tendon

180
Q

How does the metacarpo-pharangeal joint have support in horses?

A

Suspensory ligament
Inter-sesamoidean ligament
Collateral ligaments

181
Q

What are the different sesamoidean ligaments found in horses metacarpi-phalangeal joint?

A

Cruciate
Short- proximal sesamoids to PP
Oblique- proximal sesamoids to PP
Straight- inserts with SDFT

182
Q

What is the common name for the proximal inter-galangal joint?

A

‘Pastern’ joint

183
Q

What are the names of the two structures which articulate?

A

On the proximal phalanx the sagittal groove articulates with the sagittal ridge on the middle phalanx

184
Q

Where are the collateral ligaments in the proximal interphalangeal joint?

A

From the proximal phalanx to the middle phalanx and an extension runs to the navicular bone

185
Q

What tendon does a horse lack compared to a dog on the distal phalanx?

A

Dorsal elastic ligament

186
Q

What two ligaments attach to a horses distal sesamoid?

A

Collateral

Impar

187
Q

What does the navicular bursa protect?

A

deep digital flexor tendon

188
Q

Where in a horses leg is only fibrous tissue found?

A

Below the carpus

189
Q

What are the two flexor tendons of a horses forelimb?

A

Common digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

190
Q

Describe the route of the common digital extensor in a horse

A

Crosses dorsal aspect of carpus
Inserts on proximal, middle and distal phalanx
joined by two branches of suspensory ligament

191
Q

Where does the lateral digital extensor inert in a horse?

A

inserts on to the proximal phalanx

192
Q

What are the two main flexor tendons of a horses forelimb?

A

Superficial digital flexor tendon

Deep digital flexor tendon

193
Q

Describe the route of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses?

A

Originates proximal to carpal canal, passes through carpal canal, splits to allow DDFT to pass through, inserts on to the middle phalanx

194
Q

What does the deep digital flexor tendon insert on to?

A

Inserts on to the distal phalanx

195
Q

What tendon does the accessory check ligament fuse with?

A

Deep digital flexor tendon

196
Q

What is the scutum found in horses forelimb?

A

Cartilage shield on the palmar aspect of joints, allows smooth passage of tendons

197
Q

What is the function and how many annular ligaments are there in a horses distal forelimb?

A

Holds the deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor against the bone
there are 3: proximal, proximal phalanx, distal

198
Q

What maintains the extension of the forelimb (stay apparatus) in horses?

A

Shoulder- biceps brachii
Elbow- collateral ligaments- caudally
Carpus- lacertus fibrosis

199
Q

How is hyperextension of the carpus prevented in the stay apparatus?

A

Palmar fibrocartilagenous joint reinforcement
SDFT and check ligament
Retinaculum

200
Q

What prevents hyperextension of the metacarpal pharyngeal joint in the stay apparatus?

A

Suspensory ligament- mainly
Common digital extensor
Proximal sesamoids
Distal sesamoidean ligaments

201
Q

What are the differences between a dog and horses scapulas?

A

Acromion process present in dogs
Horses have prominent tuber spine, dogs don’t
Supraglenoid tubercle separate from glenoid cavity in horses
Horses have glenoid notch

202
Q

How can a cows scapula be distinguished?

A

Broad dorsal border and large infraspinous fossa
Tuber spine is less prominent
Acromion blunt
Indistict glenoid notch

203
Q

What are the different features of a pigs scapula?

A

Rounded cranial margin
Poorly defined acromion
Prominent tuber

204
Q

How can a horses humerus be distinguished?

A

Greater tubercle has caudal and cranial part and is level with head
Lesser tubercle similar size
Intermediate tubercle present (two intertubercular groove)
No supratrochlear foramen
Prominent deltoid tuberosity

205
Q

How can a cows humerus be distinguished?

A

Greater tubercle has cranial and caudal part and is much higher then head
Single inter tubercular groove
no supratrochlear foramen

206
Q

What are the individual differences of a pigs humerus?

A

Cranial and caudal greater tubercle, higher then humeral head, rounded shape,
Single intertubercular groove
No supratrochlear foramen

207
Q

Describe the differences of a horses radius and ulna?

A

Proximal and distal ulna fused to radius
Body of ulna absent
No rotation

208
Q

What are the individual differences of a ruminants radius and ulna?

A

2 complete bones, fuse as animal ages

No rotation

209
Q

What are the differences of a pigs radius and ulna?

A

2 separate bones
Ulna same diameter of radius
No interosseous space
No rotation

210
Q

In the following species which of the carpus bones are present: Dog/Cat, Horse, Pig, Ruminants?

A

Dog/Cat- radial and intermediate fused, all distal row present
Horse- all present (1st carpal sometimes not)
Pig- all present
Ruminant- Proximal all present, distal row- 1st absent, 2nd/3rd fused

211
Q

What are the differences in the carpal canal between species?

A

Dog/Cat- only DDFT passes
Horse- Both DDFT/SDFT
Ruminant and Pig- DDFT and hald SDFT

212
Q

Which digits are weight bearing in ruminants?

A

3rd and 4th

213
Q

Which metacarpal bones are absent in ruminants?

A

Metacarpal 1/2

214
Q

Are the ruminants metacarpal bones 3 and 4 fused or separate?

A

Seperate as foetus

Fuse in uterus

215
Q

What is the common term for cows vestigial 2 and 5 digit?

A

Dew claws

216
Q

Where are the proximal and distal sesamoid bones found in ruminants?

A

2 in metacarpopharyngeal joint

2 in distal interpharyngeal joint

217
Q

What metacarpal pharyngeal joint support is there in ruminants?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments- fused proximally
Intersesamoidean ligaments (2)
Interdigital intersesamoideal ligament
Distal sesamoidean ligament
Interdigital pharyngeal sesamoidean ligament

218
Q

What ligaments are between ruminants digits?

A

Proximal interdigital ligament- between proximal phalanges

Distal interdigital ligament- between middle phalanges

219
Q

What is the difference between a horse and ruminants suspensory ligament?

A

Fuses with SDFT and acts like check ligament

220
Q

What are the 4 parts to a hoof?

A

Wall
Periople
Sole
Frog

221
Q

How is the hood wall divided?

A

Toe- front
Quarters-
Heel
Bar

222
Q

Where is the coronary band found?

A

Runs along the top of the hoof below the skin

223
Q

What structures are found on the solar surface of a hoof?

A 
Frog
Bars of heel
Sole
White line
Walls 
Bulbus of heel
central sulcus
Collateral sulci
224
Q

What is the frog of a hoof?

A

Rubbery wedge shaped structure between the bars

225
Q

What are the bars of the heel?

A

The two bars either side of the frog

226
Q

What is the sole of the hoof?

A

The sole covers the bottom of the foot and shouldn’t touch the ground

227
Q

What is the white line of the hoof?

A

This is the interconnected lamina

228
Q

Which part of the hoof should weight bear?

A

The walls

229
Q

What does the periople do?

A

Produces waterproof layer, extends 2/3 way down prevents evaporation, wear and tear

230
Q

What does the digital cushion protect?

A

DDFT
Distal phalanx
Navicular bursa
Navicular bone

231
Q

What are the lateral/ungual cartilages?

A

Cartilage plates on the palmar process of the distal phalanx, medial and lateral
Mineralize with age

232
Q

What does the germantive layer produce in a hoof?

A

Produces epidermis

Active at coronary band and solar surface

233
Q

What covers the distal phalanx and digital cushion in a hoof?

A

The dermis

234
Q

What does the keratinised part of the hoof attach to in the dermis?

A

Attaches with dermal papillae to epidermal tubes

235
Q

How does the dermis fuse to the distal phalanx?

A

Laminae ridges (primary and secondary)

236
Q

Which part of the hoof contacts the ground first?

A

Frog

237
Q

What is laminitis?

A

Inflammation condition of the digital laminae

238
Q

What is the function of the horse shoe?

A

Protect weight bearing wall, doesn’t restrict heel, therapeutic

239
Q

Where do the nails of the horse shoe go?

A

Into insensitive lamina

240
Q

How many nails are in the front and back horse shoes?

A

Front- 4 or 5- 2 in front, 3 in medial wall

Back- 6- 2 toe, 4 in lateral wall

241
Q

What do ruminants hoofs lacks that horses don’t?

A

Frog and angle at the bars

242
Q

What is the gap in the claws called?

A

Interdigital cleft

243
Q

Where is a skin gland found near a sheep hoof?

A

Proximal to inter-digital cleft

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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