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Year 1 NSF > Forelimb and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Forelimb and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is a locomotor system?

A

Musculoskeletal system that allows wide range of animal movement

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2
Q

What are the adaptions to the locomotor system of cursors?

A

Reduced pectoral skeleton- more cranial movement
Elongation at proximal end of limb
Elongation at distal end of limb

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat and Sesamoid

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4
Q

How can skeletal muscle be attached?

A

Via tendons, via aponeurosis, cervico-thoraco-lumbar fascia, superficial fascia

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5
Q

What is the difference between and intrinsic and extrinsic muscle?

A

Intricnisic- origin and insertion with appendicular skeleton

Extrinsic- origin on axial skeleton

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6
Q

What is the term used for a folding limb?

A

flexion

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7
Q

What is the term used for a stretching limb?

A

extension

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8
Q

What is in the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of vertebral column, skull and ribcage

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9
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Fore and hindlimb bones

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10
Q

What is a diaphysis of a bone?

A

shaft of a bone

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11
Q

What is the epiphysis of a bone?

A

The end

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12
Q

Where is the weakest point of adult bones?

A

Shaft

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13
Q

What is the bottom of a dogs forelimb and hindlimb called?

A

Forelimb- palmar

Hindlimb- plantar

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14
Q

How are muscles attached to bones?

A

Tendons-
Aponeurosis
Fascia

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15
Q

Describe the action of a muscle?

A

Belly contracts and shortens
Points of attachments move closer
Pivot at joint

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16
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the fore limb?

A

Intrinsic- origin and insertion within appendicular skeleton

Extrinsic- origin on abaxial skeleton

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17
Q

What bones make up the forelimb?

A 
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpal
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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18
Q

What are the different regions of a dogs forelimb?

A 
Omo- shoulder
Brachium- arm
Antebrachium- forearm
Carpus- wrist
Manus- hand
Digit- toe
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19
Q

What type of bone is the scapula?

A

Flat bone

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20
Q

Describe all the features of the scapula?

A 
Caudal and cranial angle
Caudal and cranial border
Central spine
Supraspinous fossa- cranial
Infraspinous fossa- caudal
Scapular notch- cranial ventral
Acromion process- bottom of spine
Supraglenoid tubercule- cranial ventral
Glenoid cavity- notch at distal end 
Serrated face- back of bone
Subscapular fossa- back 
Infraglenoid tubercle- caudal ventral
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21
Q

What is the difference between cat and dogs scapulas?

A

More rounded cranial angle in cats
Cats have Suprahamate process- like extension of acromion process
Cats have clavicle

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22
Q

What are the centres of ossification in a scapula?

A

Body

Supraglenoid tubercle

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23
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb?

A 
Brachiocephalic muscle
Omotransversarius 
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus ventralis 
Trapezius 
Rhomboideus 
Pectoral
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24
Q

What is the function of the brachiocephalic muscle?

A

Protractor

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25
What is the origin and insertion of the brachiocephalic muscle?
Origin- cervico-thoracic fascia | Insertion- humerus
26
What is the insertion of the omotransversarius?
Origin- transverse wing of the atlas | Insertion- acromion process
27
What is the function of the omotransvarius?
Protracts the limb
28
What is the function of the lattisimus dorsi?
Retractor/ propulsion
29
What is the origin and insertion of the lattimus dorsi?
Origin- thoracolumbar fascia | Insertion- humerus
30
What is the origin and insertion of the serratus ventralis muscle?
Origin- thoracic wall/cervical vertabrae | Insertion- proximal scapula
31
What is the function of the cranial and causal portion of the serratus ventralis?
Cranial- retractor | Caudal- protractor
32
What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius?
Origin- cervicothoracic fascia | Insertion- proximal scapular spine
33
What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboideus muscle?
Origin- cervicothoracic fascia | Insertion- dorsal border of scapula
34
What is the function of the trapezius and rhomboideus?
Abductors of the limb
35
What is the origin and insertion of the pectoral muscles?
Origin- sternum | Insertion- humerus
36
What are the two heads of the pectoral muscles called?
Deep and superficial
37
What is the function of the pectoral muscles?
Limb adduction
38
Describe all the features of the humerus?
``` Long bone s shaped Head- articulates Greater tubercle- other side of head Lesser tubercle- next to head neck- under head Inter-tubercular groove Condyle- medial/lateral epicondyle Trochlea- central (peanut) and capitulum Olecranon fossa- above hole Supratrochlear foramen- hole ```
39
Which of the medial/lateral epicondyle is bigger?
Medial epicondyle is larger
40
What is the supracondylar foramen?
The hole present in cats humerus, allows passage of brachial artery, median nerve
41
How many centres of ossification does a humerus have?
``` 5 Medial epicondyle 2 in condyle Body Proximal epiphyses ```
42
What is the vertebral formula of a dog?
C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20
43
What do the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerves supply after leaving the spinal cord?
Dorsal branches supply dorsal structures | Ventral branches form brachial plexus
44
Which ventral vertebral neves form the brachial plexus ?
C6, C7, C8, T1, T2
45
What does the brachial plexus supply?
All intrinsic muscles | Some extrinsic muscles
46
Which extrinsic muscles does the brachial plexus supply?
lattisimus dorsi Serratus ventralis Pectorals
47
Which cartilage covers the articular surface of bones in synovial joints?
Hyaline cartilage
48
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Nourishes cartilage | Lubricates
49
Which two muscles cause lateral support of the shoulder?
Supraspinatus mucsle | Infraspinatus muscle
50
What is the origin and insertion of the suprasinatus muscle and infraspinatus muscle?
Supraspinatus muscle- O- Supraspinous fossa, I- Greater tubercle Infraspinatus- O- infraspinous fossa, I- distal to greater tubercle
51
What muscle supplies medial support to the shoulder and what are its origin and insertion?
Subscapularis muscle O- subscapular fossa I- Lesser tubercle
52
Which nerve innervates the infraspinatus and subscapularis for shoulder support?
Subscapular nerve
53
What is the function of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus other then support?
Supraspinatus- extend the shoulder | Infraspinatus- can extend or flex depending on limb position
54
What is the function of the subscapularis?
adduct the shoulder
55
What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?
O- supraglenoid tubercle | I- ulnar and radial tuberosities
56
What nerve innervates the bicep brachii?
Musculocutaneous nerve
57
What is the function of the biceps brachii?
Elbow flexor and shoulder extensor
58
What is the bicipital bursa and what is its function?
Bursa found at the origin tendon of the bicep in the inter tubercular groove, protects the tendon or origin, transverse ligament across
59
Which muscles are responsible for shoulder extension?
Brachiocephalicus muscle | Biceps brachii
60
Which muscles are responsible for shoulder flexion?
``` Latissimus dorsi Teres major Teres minor Deltoideus Long head of tricep ```
61
What is the origin and insertion of the lattisimus dorsi?
O- thoracolumbar fascia | I- teres major tendon on humerus
62
What is the origin and insertion of the teres major?
O- Caudal border of scapula | I- Medial humerus
63
What is the origin and insertion of the teres minor?
O- Infraglenoid tubercle | I- medial humerus
64
What is the origin and insertion of the deltoideus muscles?
O- Scapular spine and acromion process | I- Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
65
What nerve innervates the deltoideus?
Axillary nerve
66
What nerve innervates the lattisimus dorsi?
brachial plexus
67
What nerve innervates the teres major?
Axillary nerve
68
Which head of the tricep flexes the shoulder?
Long head
69
What is the origin and insertion of the long head of the tricep?
O- caudal border of scapula | I- olecranon of ulna
70
What nerve innervates the long head of the tricep?
Radial nerve
71
Which of the ulna and radius is longer?
Ulna
72
Describe the features of the radius
``` Head fovea capitis- depressed articular surface neck- under head Body Ulnar notch Styloid process- pointy bit distal articular face ```
73
Describe the features of the ulna
``` Olecranon- proximal part of bone Anconeal process- below olecranon Trochlear notch- curved bit Radial notch- below of curve Coronoid processes- bottom of trochlear notch Styloid process ```
74
What ligaments holds the radius and ulna together?
Annular ligament- proximal | Interosseous- distal
75
Which parts of the ulna and radius articulate together?
Radial notch and radius head
76
What is the space called between the radius and ulna?
Interosseous space
77
What features of the ulna and radius can be palpated?
Ulna- olecranon, lateral styloid process | Radius- styloid proces
78
What is the difference in a cats and dogs radius and ulna?
Square olecranon | Radius and ulna diameter similar
79
How many centres of ossification does the radius and ulna have?
Radius- 3 | Ulna- 4
80
How do the ulna radius and humerus articulate?
Trochlea with ulna notch and fovea captis | Capitulum with fovea captis
81
Name all elbow extensors and flexors
Extensors- Triceps | Flexors- Biceps brachii, Brachialis muscle
82
What are the 4 heads of the triceps?
Long head Lateral head Medial head Accessory head
83
What is the origin and insertion of the triceps?
``` I- All onto olecranon process Long head O- Caudal border of scapula Lateral head O- lateral humerus Medial head O- medial humerus Accessory head O- neck of humerus ```
84
What nerve innervates the triceps?
Radial nerve
85
Name all elbow joint flexors
Biceps brachii | Brachialis muscle
86
What is the origin and insertion of the bicep?
O- supraglenoid tubercle | I- proximal radius/ulna
87
What is the origin and insertion of the brachial muscle?
O- Caudal proximal humerus | I- Proximal radius/ulna
88
Which nerve innervates all elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous
89
How does the brachialis lie on the humerus?
Follows the brachial groove to go laterally and cranially
90
Which muscles are responsible for rotation of the radius and ulna?
Supinator and Protnator teres muscle
91
Where does the supinator originate and insert and what nerve innervates it?
O- lateral epicondyle I- Proximal radius Radial Nerve
92
What is the insertion and origin of the pronator teres muscle and what nerve innervates it?
O- Medial epicondyle I- Proximal radius Median nerve
93
Name the order of arteries in the forelimb from subclavian to radial and median
``` Subclavian to Axillary to Brachial branches Superficial brachial/Median branches Median/Radial ```
94
How does the median artery branch to supply the digits?
Median artery branches ar the superficial palmar arch which gives rise to palmar common digital arteries
95
How does the caudal interosseous artery supply the digits?
Branches at the deep palmar arch giving rise to the digital arteries
96
How does the superficial brachial artery supply the forepaw?
Branches to give rise to dorsal common digital and dorsal digital
97
How many arteries supply each digit?
4 vessels
98
How do veins return blood flow back to heart from forelimb?
Deep system follows arterial blood supply | Superficial system- cephalic drains into jugular
99
Name the bones present in a dogs carpus
Proximal row- radial/intermediate, ulnar, accessory carpal | Distal row- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
100
Which bones in the carpus don't have only 1 centre of ossification?
accessory carpal bone has 2 | fused radial/intermediate carpal bone has 2
101
What are the names for the three joints of the carpus?
Antebrachio-carpal joint Middle carpal joint Carpo-metacarpal joint
102
Which joint of the carpus has the most and leat amount of movement?
Most- antebrachio-carpal joint | Least- carpo-metacarpal joint
103
What are the two collateral ligaments of the carpus?
Lateral- ulna to 5th metacarpal | Medial- radius to 2nd metacarpal
104
What is the retinaculum?
Its a sleeve of deep fascia, encloses the carpal region palmar and dorsally and forms the carpal tunnel
105
What is the function of the fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of the carpal joint capsule?
Friction free surface for tendons | Maintain of joint extension
106
What are all the components of the manus?
``` Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Sesamoids ```
107
What is the term used for the 1st digit?
Dew claw
108
What are all the different sesamoid bones found in the carpus and manus?
Sesamoid next to carpus Palmer sesamoids x2 Dorsal sesamoid
109
Describe the structure of the distal phalanx
Base Ungual crest Ungual process
110
What are the names of the three types of joints of the manus?
Metacarpo-phalangeal joint (MCP) Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)
111
How is stability of the manus joints achieved?
Collateral ligaments | Sagittal ridge
112
What is the function of the proximal palmer sesamoids and dorsal sesamoids?
Proximal- protect flexor tendons | Dorsal- protect extensor tendons
113
What tendons and ligaments are associated with the distal inter-phalangeal joints?
Deep digital flexor Common digital extensor Dorsal elastic ligament
114
What holds cats claws inside sheath and what exposes them?
Very strong dorsal elastic ligament holds in | Deep digital flexor tendon exposes them
115
What are all the extension muscles of the carpus?
Extensor carpi radialis Extensor carpi obliquus Extensor carpi lateralis
116
What is the origin and insertion and innervation of the extension muscles of the carpus?
O for all - lateral epicondyle of radius extensor carpi radialis I- metacarpals extensor carpid obliquus I- proximal metacarpal II extensor carpi ulnaris I- 5th metacarpal Innervated by the radial nerve
117
What 2 muscles are responsible for extension of the digits?
Common digital extensor muscle | Lateral digital extensor muscle
118
What is the origin and insertions of the common and lateral digital extensors and what innervates them?
Origin- lateral epicondyle of the radius I common- all digits I lateral- 4/5th
119
Which muscles are responsible for the flexion of the carpus?
Flexor carpi ulnaris | Flexor carpi radialis
120
What nerves innervates both carpus and digit flexion muscles?
Median and ulnar
121
What is the origin and insertion of the flexor capri ulnaris and radialis?
Ulnaris O- medial epicondyle and olecranon Ulnaris I- Accesory carpal bone Radialis O- medial epicondyle Radialis I- metacarpal bones
122
What are the two muscles for digit flexion?
Superficial digital flexor muscle | Deep Digital flexor muscle
123
What is the origin for both digits flexion muscles and the other insertions for the DDF?
Medial epicondyle | DDF- Radial and ulnar heads
124
What is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
I- middle phalanx for all digits
125
What is the insertion of the deep digital flexor muscle?
Distal phalanx of all digits
126
What tendon passes through the superficial digital flexor tendon?
Deep digital flexor tendon
127
What are the three types of foot pads on a dogs paw?
Carpal pad Metacarpal pad 4 digital pads
128
What are the two layers to skin?
Epidermis and dermis
129
Which of the layers of skin has a blood and nerve supply?
Dermis
130
What is specialised about a claw?
Dermis is fused directly to periosteum of ungual process | Epidermis is heavily keratinised
131
How is the position of a dogs claw maintained?
Extensor tendons Dorsal elastic ligament Balanced by deep digital flexor tendon
132
What are the two lymph nodes found in the forelimb?
Prescapular | Axillary
133
What muscle does the sub scapular nerve innervate?
Subscapularis
134
Which muscles doe the supra scapular nerve innervate?
Supraspinous muscle | Infraspinous muscle
135
Where does the musculocutanoeus nerve supply cutaneous sensation to?
Cranial and medial aspect of elbow | medial antebrachium
136
Which muscles does the musculocutanoeous nerve supply?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Corcaobrachialis
137
Where does the axillary nerve supply cutaneous sensation to?
Lateral aspect of shoulder and brachium
138
Which muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?
Deltoideus | Teres major
139
Where does the median and ulnar nerve provide cutaneous sensation?
Caudal and palmar of limb | dorsal aspect of 5th digit
140
Which muscles does the median and ulnar nerve innervate?
Carpal and digital flexors Flexor carpi ulnaris/radialis Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor
141
Where does the radial nerve provide sensory innervation?
Dorsal and cranial aspect of limb
142
Which muscles does the radial nerve innervate?
``` Triceps Extensors of carpus and digits Extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor ```
143
Describe the route of the radial nerve
Starts medially near scapula Passes caudal through shoulder Passes through triceps Follow musculospiral groove
144
What does unguligrade mean?
Walking on hooves
145
Which digit of a horse is weight bearing?
3rd digit
146
What is the chestnut on a horse?
Vestigial hord pad - 1st metacarpal bone
147
What is the ergot?
Horny lump in skin, palmar aspect of metacaropharayngeal joint
148
What is the origin and insertion of a horses bicep brachii?
O- Supraglenoid tubercle | I- Proximal radius
149
What difference is there between a horses and dogs humerus?
Horses have an intermediate tubercle therefore has two inter-tubercular grooves
150
How is the bicipital bursa different to a dogs in a horse?
Separate from shoulder joint capsule
151
What is the lacerates fibrosis in horses?
Fibrous extension which joins extensor carpi radialis, inserts on to proximal metacarpal 3, part of stay apparatus
152
What are the differences in the ulna and radius of horses than dogs?
Radius and ulna fused- no rotation/ collateral ligaments
153
How many heads does a horses tricep have?
3
154
What is a bursa and what's its function?
Fluid filled cushion
155
What are the two bursa found fun the elbow joint of horses?
Tricipital bursa- between tendon and olecranon | Subcutaneous bursa- between skin and tenon of insertion of triceps
156
Which carpal bone is not present in horses?
1st carpal bone
157
Which carpal joint gives the most movement and the least movement in horses?
Most at antebrachio-carpal joint | Least at carpometacarpal joint
158
How is the carpus supported in horses?
Collateral ligaments | Palmar fibrocatrilagenous plate
159
What three structures form the carpal canal in horses?
Palmar fibrocartilagenous plate Palmar/flexor retinaculum Accessory carpal bone
160
What is the difference in what passes in the carpal canal in dogs and horses?
Dogs the deep digital flexor tendon passes | Horse both deep digital and superficial digital flexor tendon pass through
161
Which metacarpal bone is weight bearing in horses?
3rd
162
What name is used for non-weight bearing metacarpal bones?
'Splint' bones | 2nd/4th
163
Describe the structure of a horses proximal phalanx
Raised v on palmar surface
164
Which of the proximal and distal phalanx in horses is shorter?
Proximal is longer
165
What is the common term for the distal phalanx?
Pedal or coffin bone- burried in hoof
166
Which tendons attach to the distal phlanax in horses?
Common digital extensor tendon | Deep digital flexor
167
Describe the structures of the dorsal surface of the coffin bone?
Striations for hoof attachment and blood vessels | Vascular channel
168
How many centres of ossification does the following bones have? Metacarpal 2,3,4, proximal middle and distal phalanx?
``` MC 3- 2 MC 2/4- 2 PP- 2 MP- 2 DP- 1 ```
169
Where are the proximal sesamoid bones found in a horse?
Distal end of MC3 | Either side of the sagittal ridge
170
What holds the proximal sesamoid bones in place and what do they protect in horses?
Embedded in suspensory ligament | Protect superficial digital flexor tendon and deep digital flexor tendon
171
What name is given to the dorsal sesamoid bone in horses?
Navicular bone
172
Why does the navicular dorsal sesamoid bone have two flat surfaces?
Articulation with distal and middle phalanx
173
What does the palmar surface of the dorsal sesamoid bone do?
Guides the deep digital flexor tendon over the distal interphalangeal joint
174
Which two bones are involved in the metacarpo-phalangeal joint or fetlock joint?
MC3 and proximal phalanx
175
Which bone is absent in the horses metacarpi-phalangeal joint?
Dorsal sesamoid
176
Where is the sagittal groove found in horses forelimb?
Proximal of the proximal phalanx
177
Where are the collateral ligaments found in the metacarpophalangeal joint?
2 from the metacarpal to proximal phalanx
178
What is the function of the suspensory ligament found in the horses fore limb?
Prevent collapse of metacarpo-phalangeal joint during weight bearing Return joint from hyperextension to normal
179
Describe the structure of the suspensory ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint in horses?
Originates from proximal palmar metacarpal 3 branches into two above proximal sesamoids Fuses with common digital extensor tendon
180
How does the metacarpo-pharangeal joint have support in horses?
Suspensory ligament Inter-sesamoidean ligament Collateral ligaments
181
What are the different sesamoidean ligaments found in horses metacarpi-phalangeal joint?
Cruciate Short- proximal sesamoids to PP Oblique- proximal sesamoids to PP Straight- inserts with SDFT
182
What is the common name for the proximal inter-galangal joint?
'Pastern' joint
183
What are the names of the two structures which articulate?
On the proximal phalanx the sagittal groove articulates with the sagittal ridge on the middle phalanx
184
Where are the collateral ligaments in the proximal interphalangeal joint?
From the proximal phalanx to the middle phalanx and an extension runs to the navicular bone
185
What tendon does a horse lack compared to a dog on the distal phalanx?
Dorsal elastic ligament
186
What two ligaments attach to a horses distal sesamoid?
Collateral | Impar
187
What does the navicular bursa protect?
deep digital flexor tendon
188
Where in a horses leg is only fibrous tissue found?
Below the carpus
189
What are the two flexor tendons of a horses forelimb?
Common digital extensor | Lateral digital extensor
190
Describe the route of the common digital extensor in a horse
Crosses dorsal aspect of carpus Inserts on proximal, middle and distal phalanx joined by two branches of suspensory ligament
191
Where does the lateral digital extensor inert in a horse?
inserts on to the proximal phalanx
192
What are the two main flexor tendons of a horses forelimb?
Superficial digital flexor tendon | Deep digital flexor tendon
193
Describe the route of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses?
Originates proximal to carpal canal, passes through carpal canal, splits to allow DDFT to pass through, inserts on to the middle phalanx
194
What does the deep digital flexor tendon insert on to?
Inserts on to the distal phalanx
195
What tendon does the accessory check ligament fuse with?
Deep digital flexor tendon
196
What is the scutum found in horses forelimb?
Cartilage shield on the palmar aspect of joints, allows smooth passage of tendons
197
What is the function and how many annular ligaments are there in a horses distal forelimb?
Holds the deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor against the bone there are 3: proximal, proximal phalanx, distal
198
What maintains the extension of the forelimb (stay apparatus) in horses?
Shoulder- biceps brachii Elbow- collateral ligaments- caudally Carpus- lacertus fibrosis
199
How is hyperextension of the carpus prevented in the stay apparatus?
Palmar fibrocartilagenous joint reinforcement SDFT and check ligament Retinaculum
200
What prevents hyperextension of the metacarpal pharyngeal joint in the stay apparatus?
Suspensory ligament- mainly Common digital extensor Proximal sesamoids Distal sesamoidean ligaments
201
What are the differences between a dog and horses scapulas?
Acromion process present in dogs Horses have prominent tuber spine, dogs don't Supraglenoid tubercle separate from glenoid cavity in horses Horses have glenoid notch
202
How can a cows scapula be distinguished?
Broad dorsal border and large infraspinous fossa Tuber spine is less prominent Acromion blunt Indistict glenoid notch
203
What are the different features of a pigs scapula?
Rounded cranial margin Poorly defined acromion Prominent tuber
204
How can a horses humerus be distinguished?
Greater tubercle has caudal and cranial part and is level with head Lesser tubercle similar size Intermediate tubercle present (two intertubercular groove) No supratrochlear foramen Prominent deltoid tuberosity
205
How can a cows humerus be distinguished?
Greater tubercle has cranial and caudal part and is much higher then head Single inter tubercular groove no supratrochlear foramen
206
What are the individual differences of a pigs humerus?
Cranial and caudal greater tubercle, higher then humeral head, rounded shape, Single intertubercular groove No supratrochlear foramen
207
Describe the differences of a horses radius and ulna?
Proximal and distal ulna fused to radius Body of ulna absent No rotation
208
What are the individual differences of a ruminants radius and ulna?
2 complete bones, fuse as animal ages | No rotation
209
What are the differences of a pigs radius and ulna?
2 separate bones Ulna same diameter of radius No interosseous space No rotation
210
In the following species which of the carpus bones are present: Dog/Cat, Horse, Pig, Ruminants?
Dog/Cat- radial and intermediate fused, all distal row present Horse- all present (1st carpal sometimes not) Pig- all present Ruminant- Proximal all present, distal row- 1st absent, 2nd/3rd fused
211
What are the differences in the carpal canal between species?
Dog/Cat- only DDFT passes Horse- Both DDFT/SDFT Ruminant and Pig- DDFT and hald SDFT
212
Which digits are weight bearing in ruminants?
3rd and 4th
213
Which metacarpal bones are absent in ruminants?
Metacarpal 1/2
214
Are the ruminants metacarpal bones 3 and 4 fused or separate?
Seperate as foetus | Fuse in uterus
215
What is the common term for cows vestigial 2 and 5 digit?
Dew claws
216
Where are the proximal and distal sesamoid bones found in ruminants?
2 in metacarpopharyngeal joint | 2 in distal interpharyngeal joint
217
What metacarpal pharyngeal joint support is there in ruminants?
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments- fused proximally Intersesamoidean ligaments (2) Interdigital intersesamoideal ligament Distal sesamoidean ligament Interdigital pharyngeal sesamoidean ligament
218
What ligaments are between ruminants digits?
Proximal interdigital ligament- between proximal phalanges | Distal interdigital ligament- between middle phalanges
219
What is the difference between a horse and ruminants suspensory ligament?
Fuses with SDFT and acts like check ligament
220
What are the 4 parts to a hoof?
Wall Periople Sole Frog
221
How is the hood wall divided?
Toe- front Quarters- Heel Bar
222
Where is the coronary band found?
Runs along the top of the hoof below the skin
223
What structures are found on the solar surface of a hoof?
``` Frog Bars of heel Sole White line Walls Bulbus of heel central sulcus Collateral sulci ```
224
What is the frog of a hoof?
Rubbery wedge shaped structure between the bars
225
What are the bars of the heel?
The two bars either side of the frog
226
What is the sole of the hoof?
The sole covers the bottom of the foot and shouldn't touch the ground
227
What is the white line of the hoof?
This is the interconnected lamina
228
Which part of the hoof should weight bear?
The walls
229
What does the periople do?
Produces waterproof layer, extends 2/3 way down prevents evaporation, wear and tear
230
What does the digital cushion protect?
DDFT Distal phalanx Navicular bursa Navicular bone
231
What are the lateral/ungual cartilages?
Cartilage plates on the palmar process of the distal phalanx, medial and lateral Mineralize with age
232
What does the germantive layer produce in a hoof?
Produces epidermis | Active at coronary band and solar surface
233
What covers the distal phalanx and digital cushion in a hoof?
The dermis
234
What does the keratinised part of the hoof attach to in the dermis?
Attaches with dermal papillae to epidermal tubes
235
How does the dermis fuse to the distal phalanx?
Laminae ridges (primary and secondary)
236
Which part of the hoof contacts the ground first?
Frog
237
What is laminitis?
Inflammation condition of the digital laminae
238
What is the function of the horse shoe?
Protect weight bearing wall, doesn't restrict heel, therapeutic
239
Where do the nails of the horse shoe go?
Into insensitive lamina
240
How many nails are in the front and back horse shoes?
Front- 4 or 5- 2 in front, 3 in medial wall | Back- 6- 2 toe, 4 in lateral wall
241
What do ruminants hoofs lacks that horses don't?
Frog and angle at the bars
242
What is the gap in the claws called?
Interdigital cleft
243
Where is a skin gland found near a sheep hoof?
Proximal to inter-digital cleft

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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