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Year 1 NSF > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Name the paired bones of the skull

A

Temporal, frontal, parietal, incisive, exoccipital, nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, pterygoid, mandible, dorsal turbinates, ventral turbinates, ethmoturbinates

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2
Q

Name the unpaired bones of the skull

A

Supraoccipital, basioccipital, basisphenoid, presphenoid, ethmoid, vomer

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3
Q

What does the incisive bones house?

A

the incisors

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4
Q

What part of the mandible articulates with the skull?

A

Condyloid process

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5
Q

What is the very top of the mandible called?

A

Coronoid process

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6
Q

What is the genu of the mandible?

A

Where the L/R meet

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7
Q

Where do sensory nerves for teeth enter and leave?

A

Enter inferior alveolar foramen

exit mental foramen

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8
Q

What passes through infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve

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9
Q

What bones fuse to form the hard palate?

A

Palatine, maxilla, incisive

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10
Q

What makes up the primary and secondary palate?

A

Primary- lip and incisive bone

Secondary- hard and soft palate

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11
Q

What 3 bones make up the occipital bone?

A

supraccipital, exoccoiptal, basioccipital

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12
Q

Where does the spinal cord leave?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

What articulates with C1?

A

Occipital condyles

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14
Q

What does the hyoid apparatus support?

A

Tongue and larynx

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15
Q

What causes a cleft lip and a cleft palate?

A

Cleft lip- failure to close primary palate

Cleft palate- failure to close secondary palate

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16
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

Occipital bone is undersized and cerebellum presses against foramen magnum and interrupts flow of CSF

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17
Q

Name and example of a dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic

A

Dolichocephalic- greyhound
Mesaticephalic- German shepard
Brachycephalic- bull dog

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18
Q

What problems arise in brachycephalic dogs?

A

Occluded nostrils, long soft palate causes difficulty breathing, unusual number of teeth, exophthalmic eyes- too small sockets

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19
Q

Give an example of a horse breed with the following head shape: Convex, Straight, Concave

A

Convex- shire
Straight- thoroughbred
Concave- Arab

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20
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warm and humidify air, filter particles, detect odour

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21
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal septum by the ethmoid bone and cartilage

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22
Q

What is the space in the nasal cavity mainly taken up by?

A

Turbinate bones

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23
Q

What is the space between turbinate bones called?

A

meatii

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24
Q

Where are the turbinate bones origin?

A

Nasal and maxilla walls

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25
What are the three groups of turbinates?
Ethmoturbinates, dorsal turbinates, ventral turbinates
26
Where are the ethmoturbinates attached?
nasal septum, lateral nasal wall, crib form plate and ethmoid bone
27
Where do dorsal turbinates attach?
Nasal wall
28
Where do ventral turbinates attach?
Maxilla
29
What are the different meatii?
Dorsal at top, middle between, common (connects all), ventral
30
What are the two main sinuses?
Frontal and maxillary
31
What are the functions of sinuses?
mechanical protection, enlarge skull without weight, provide larger SA for muscle attachment, allows larger oral cavity
32
How many separate compartments make uo the frontal sinus?
5
33
What lines the nasal sinuses?
Nasal epithelium
34
Where do horns arise from?
Cornual process of frontal bone
35
How many potential nerves are there to a bone?
5
36
Which sinus do brachycephalic dogs lack?
frontal sinus
37
Where does a horses frontal sinus drain?
Into maxillary sinus
38
What separates the caudal /rostral maxillary sinus in a horse?
Bony septum
39
How is the maxillary sinus drained?
Nasomaxillary opening
40
What divides ventral part of maxillary sinus in a horse?
Bony plate supporting infraorbital canal
41
Why does a young horse have a smaller maxillary sinus?
Unerected teeth
42
What surrounds the outside of the tooth above the gum?
Enamel
43
What makes up the majority of a tooth?
Dentine
44
What covers the tooth below the gum line?
Cementum
45
What is in the centre of the tooth?
Pulp chamber
46
What is the tooth socket called?
Alveolus
47
What attaches the the cementum to the alveolus?
Periodontal ligament
48
Where does the pulp chamber exit?
Apical foramen
49
What is the gum called?
Gingiva
50
What is the space between enamel and the gum?
Gingival crevice
51
What forms enamel?
ameloblasts
52
What forms dentine?
Odontoblasts
53
Where are ondotoblasts?
On the surface of the pulp cavity
54
What is cementum made form?
Calcified connective tissue
55
What does the pulp cavity decrease in size?
With age replaced by secondary dentine
56
What does the periodontium consist of?
Gingiva, Periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone
57
What does the periodontium do?
Anchor and suspend tooth
58
Where is the free, attached and freely movable gingiva?
Free- next to crevice Attachced- periosteum of alveolus Freely moveable- below alveolus- no longer keratinised
59
What is the periodontal ligament made of?
Collagen
60
What is the lining of the alveolus called?
Lamina dura- dense bone
61
What innervates the teeth?
Trigeminal V, upper teeth maxillary, lower mandibular | Alveolar nerves at teeth
62
What is a deciduous permanent tooth?
Diphyodont
63
What are different specialised teeth called?
Heterodont
64
What is a hypsodont?
Long crown where teeth eruct
65
What are brachydont teeth?
Low crowned- eruct by adulthood
66
What is aradicular/elodont teeth?
Teeth grow throughout life no roots
67
What type of teeth do carnivores have?
Radicular brachydont | Tooted low crowned
68
What are each of the teeth for: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
Incisors- grooming/nibbling Canine- kill and hold prey Premolars- cutting Molars- cutting/crushing
69
What is a dogs dental formulae?
I3/3, C1/1, P4/4 M2/3 x2
70
What is a cats dental formulae?
I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1 x2
71
Which number represents maxillary dentitions and mandibular?
Maxillary top/first | Mandibular bottom/second
72
What do deciduous cat and dogs lack?
Molars
73
What is a pigs dental formulae?
I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M3/3 x2
74
When should all deciduous teeth in a dog and cat be present?
6 weeks
75
When should all permanent teeth be present by in a dog and cat?
Dog- 7 months | Cat- 6 months
76
What is significant about a dogs canine root?
Extremely wide and curved
77
What is normal oral ph in dogs and cats?
pH 7.5
78
What is the function of saliva?
Moisten food bolus and maintain health of oral cavity?
79
What does saliva contain?
Enzymes, Lysosomes, immunoglobins, anti fungal
80
How is plaque removed?
Dental brushing, hard textured food
81
What is a congenital malocclusion?
Top arcade and bottom arcade do not meet properly
82
What is prognathism and brachygnathism?
Brachygnathism- lower jaw too short | Prognathism- lower jaw to long
83
What is the first, second and third stage of periodontal disease?
First- inflamation of gingiva Second- inflammation of gingiva/peridontal ligament Third- breakdown, tooth loss
84
What is plaque?
Biofilm on teeth from bacteria colonising
85
What is different about a pigs incisors and canines?
Incisors point forwards | Canines in males open root and grow which rub to create sharp edge
86
How many teeth are pigs born with?
8 very sharp teeth
87
When do pigs gain full dentition?
18 months

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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