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Year 1 NSF > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Name the paired bones of the skull

A

Temporal, frontal, parietal, incisive, exoccipital, nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, lacrimal, pterygoid, mandible, dorsal turbinates, ventral turbinates, ethmoturbinates

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2
Q

Name the unpaired bones of the skull

A

Supraoccipital, basioccipital, basisphenoid, presphenoid, ethmoid, vomer

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3
Q

What does the incisive bones house?

A

the incisors

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4
Q

What part of the mandible articulates with the skull?

A

Condyloid process

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5
Q

What is the very top of the mandible called?

A

Coronoid process

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6
Q

What is the genu of the mandible?

A

Where the L/R meet

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7
Q

Where do sensory nerves for teeth enter and leave?

A

Enter inferior alveolar foramen

exit mental foramen

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8
Q

What passes through infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve

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9
Q

What bones fuse to form the hard palate?

A

Palatine, maxilla, incisive

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10
Q

What makes up the primary and secondary palate?

A

Primary- lip and incisive bone

Secondary- hard and soft palate

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11
Q

What 3 bones make up the occipital bone?

A

supraccipital, exoccoiptal, basioccipital

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12
Q

Where does the spinal cord leave?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

What articulates with C1?

A

Occipital condyles

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14
Q

What does the hyoid apparatus support?

A

Tongue and larynx

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15
Q

What causes a cleft lip and a cleft palate?

A

Cleft lip- failure to close primary palate

Cleft palate- failure to close secondary palate

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16
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

Occipital bone is undersized and cerebellum presses against foramen magnum and interrupts flow of CSF

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17
Q

Name and example of a dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic

A

Dolichocephalic- greyhound
Mesaticephalic- German shepard
Brachycephalic- bull dog

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18
Q

What problems arise in brachycephalic dogs?

A

Occluded nostrils, long soft palate causes difficulty breathing, unusual number of teeth, exophthalmic eyes- too small sockets

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19
Q

Give an example of a horse breed with the following head shape: Convex, Straight, Concave

A

Convex- shire
Straight- thoroughbred
Concave- Arab

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20
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warm and humidify air, filter particles, detect odour

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21
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal septum by the ethmoid bone and cartilage

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22
Q

What is the space in the nasal cavity mainly taken up by?

A

Turbinate bones

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23
Q

What is the space between turbinate bones called?

A

meatii

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24
Q

Where are the turbinate bones origin?

A

Nasal and maxilla walls

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25
Q

What are the three groups of turbinates?

A

Ethmoturbinates, dorsal turbinates, ventral turbinates

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26
Q

Where are the ethmoturbinates attached?

A

nasal septum, lateral nasal wall, crib form plate and ethmoid bone

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27
Q

Where do dorsal turbinates attach?

A

Nasal wall

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28
Q

Where do ventral turbinates attach?

A

Maxilla

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29
Q

What are the different meatii?

A

Dorsal at top, middle between, common (connects all), ventral

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30
Q

What are the two main sinuses?

A

Frontal and maxillary

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31
Q

What are the functions of sinuses?

A

mechanical protection, enlarge skull without weight, provide larger SA for muscle attachment, allows larger oral cavity

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32
Q

How many separate compartments make uo the frontal sinus?

A

5

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33
Q

What lines the nasal sinuses?

A

Nasal epithelium

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34
Q

Where do horns arise from?

A

Cornual process of frontal bone

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35
Q

How many potential nerves are there to a bone?

A

5

36
Q

Which sinus do brachycephalic dogs lack?

A

frontal sinus

37
Q

Where does a horses frontal sinus drain?

A

Into maxillary sinus

38
Q

What separates the caudal /rostral maxillary sinus in a horse?

A

Bony septum

39
Q

How is the maxillary sinus drained?

A

Nasomaxillary opening

40
Q

What divides ventral part of maxillary sinus in a horse?

A

Bony plate supporting infraorbital canal

41
Q

Why does a young horse have a smaller maxillary sinus?

A

Unerected teeth

42
Q

What surrounds the outside of the tooth above the gum?

A

Enamel

43
Q

What makes up the majority of a tooth?

A

Dentine

44
Q

What covers the tooth below the gum line?

A

Cementum

45
Q

What is in the centre of the tooth?

A

Pulp chamber

46
Q

What is the tooth socket called?

A

Alveolus

47
Q

What attaches the the cementum to the alveolus?

A

Periodontal ligament

48
Q

Where does the pulp chamber exit?

A

Apical foramen

49
Q

What is the gum called?

A

Gingiva

50
Q

What is the space between enamel and the gum?

A

Gingival crevice

51
Q

What forms enamel?

A

ameloblasts

52
Q

What forms dentine?

A

Odontoblasts

53
Q

Where are ondotoblasts?

A

On the surface of the pulp cavity

54
Q

What is cementum made form?

A

Calcified connective tissue

55
Q

What does the pulp cavity decrease in size?

A

With age replaced by secondary dentine

56
Q

What does the periodontium consist of?

A

Gingiva, Periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone

57
Q

What does the periodontium do?

A

Anchor and suspend tooth

58
Q

Where is the free, attached and freely movable gingiva?

A

Free- next to crevice
Attachced- periosteum of alveolus
Freely moveable- below alveolus- no longer keratinised

59
Q

What is the periodontal ligament made of?

A

Collagen

60
Q

What is the lining of the alveolus called?

A

Lamina dura- dense bone

61
Q

What innervates the teeth?

A

Trigeminal V, upper teeth maxillary, lower mandibular

Alveolar nerves at teeth

62
Q

What is a deciduous permanent tooth?

A

Diphyodont

63
Q

What are different specialised teeth called?

A

Heterodont

64
Q

What is a hypsodont?

A

Long crown where teeth eruct

65
Q

What are brachydont teeth?

A

Low crowned- eruct by adulthood

66
Q

What is aradicular/elodont teeth?

A

Teeth grow throughout life no roots

67
Q

What type of teeth do carnivores have?

A

Radicular brachydont

Tooted low crowned

68
Q

What are each of the teeth for: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars

A

Incisors- grooming/nibbling
Canine- kill and hold prey
Premolars- cutting
Molars- cutting/crushing

69
Q

What is a dogs dental formulae?

A

I3/3, C1/1, P4/4 M2/3 x2

70
Q

What is a cats dental formulae?

A

I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1 x2

71
Q

Which number represents maxillary dentitions and mandibular?

A

Maxillary top/first

Mandibular bottom/second

72
Q

What do deciduous cat and dogs lack?

A

Molars

73
Q

What is a pigs dental formulae?

A

I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M3/3 x2

74
Q

When should all deciduous teeth in a dog and cat be present?

A

6 weeks

75
Q

When should all permanent teeth be present by in a dog and cat?

A

Dog- 7 months

Cat- 6 months

76
Q

What is significant about a dogs canine root?

A

Extremely wide and curved

77
Q

What is normal oral ph in dogs and cats?

A

pH 7.5

78
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Moisten food bolus and maintain health of oral cavity?

79
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

Enzymes, Lysosomes, immunoglobins, anti fungal

80
Q

How is plaque removed?

A

Dental brushing, hard textured food

81
Q

What is a congenital malocclusion?

A

Top arcade and bottom arcade do not meet properly

82
Q

What is prognathism and brachygnathism?

A

Brachygnathism- lower jaw too short

Prognathism- lower jaw to long

83
Q

What is the first, second and third stage of periodontal disease?

A

First- inflamation of gingiva
Second- inflammation of gingiva/peridontal ligament
Third- breakdown, tooth loss

84
Q

What is plaque?

A

Biofilm on teeth from bacteria colonising

85
Q

What is different about a pigs incisors and canines?

A

Incisors point forwards

Canines in males open root and grow which rub to create sharp edge

86
Q

How many teeth are pigs born with?

A

8 very sharp teeth

87
Q

When do pigs gain full dentition?

A

18 months

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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