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Year 1 NSF > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A dome shaped musculotendinous sheet

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2
Q

Where does the costal and crural portion of the diaphragm arise from?

A

Costal- xipohoid process and costochondral 8-12

Crural- ventral L1-4

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3
Q

What lines the thorax?

A

The pleura

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4
Q

What does the visceral pleura line?

A

The lungs

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5
Q

What are the three types of parietal pleura?

A

Mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal

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6
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

A collapsed lung di to hole in the pleura

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7
Q

What do the nasal turbinates do to air entering the lungs?

A

Warm, humidify, clean

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8
Q

Describe the route of air from the nasal cavity to the trachea

A

Nasal cavity to nasopharynx to larynx through glottic cleft into infraglottic cavity to trachea

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9
Q

Whee does the trachea terminate?

A

At the tracheal bifurcation, dorsal to base of heart

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea?

A

Fibrocartilagenous rings joined by elastic connective tissue, ends joined by tracheal muscle with ciliated lining

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11
Q

What do pigs and ruminants have before tracheal birfurcation?

A

Tracheal bronchus

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12
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

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13
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Cranial (caudal part and cranial part) and caudal

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14
Q

What do primary bronchus give off?

A

A secondary bronchus or lobar bronchus each to a lobe

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15
Q

What does a lobar bronchus give off?

A

Tertiary/ segmental bronchi

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16
Q

What is the portion of tissue called that a tertiary bronchus supplies?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment or primary lobule

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17
Q

What epithelium lines the airways?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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18
Q

What defines the division of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

The loss of cartilagenous rings and submucosal glands

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19
Q

What do bronchioles eventually feed into?

A

Terminal bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- alveolar ducts- alveolar sacs

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20
Q

How does the divisions form a monopodial system?

A

Parent bronchus gives off much smaller daughter bronchus continues 6 times then splits into 2 equal bronchi

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21
Q

How do respiratory bronchioles enable some gaseous exchange?

A

They posses alveolar outpouchings in their walls

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22
Q

What separates the alveoli and the blood?

A

Epithelial lining of alveolus, basement membrane, and endothelial cell of capillary wall

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23
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells (alvelocytes)?

A

Type 1 - simple squamous

Type 2- cuboidal

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24
Q

What are the functions of type 1 and 2 alvelocytes?

A

type 1- exchange

type 2- produce surfactant

25
Q

What cell other then alveolocytes can be found in the alveolars?

A

Macrophages

26
Q

What is a bundle of bronchus, artery and vein called?

A

A bronchovascular bundle

27
Q

What arteries supply the lungs?

A

Bronchial arteries from aorta

28
Q

What drains the lungs?

A

Bronchial veins into azygous

29
Q

What innervates the lungs?

A

Pulmonary plexus from the vagus

30
Q

What can a normal, increased rate, increased depth, increased effort and absence of breathing be called?

A 
Normal- eupnoea
Increased rate- tachypnoea
Increased depth- hypernoea
Effort- dyspnoea
Absence- apnoea
31
Q

Which two muscles contract during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

32
Q

In which direction to the external intercostal muscles run?

A

Caudoventrally

33
Q

What muscles does active inspiration use?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

34
Q

In what direction do the internal intercostal muscles run?

A

cranioventrally

35
Q

How do abdominal muscles assist in expiration?

A

They push the abdominal contents cranially, forcing the relaxed diaphragm to dome up into the thorax

36
Q

What is the definition of compliance?

A

The degree to which a change in transpulmonary pressure causes a change involute of the lung

37
Q

What does compliance depend on?

A

Elasticity in the lung tissue and the surface tension in the alveoli

38
Q

What cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

39
Q

What is surfactant made up of?

A

Phospholipids, proteins and ca2+

40
Q

How does surfactant reduce surface tension?

A

The hydrophilic heals dissolve in the liquid, the tails remind inside the liquid preventing hydrogen bonds

41
Q

In what alveoli is more surfactant found?

A

Smaller alveoli to balance pressure in larger ones

42
Q

How do horses reduce airway resistance?

A

Dilate their nares

43
Q

What causes an increase in turbulence in airways?

A

Larger airways as there is increased speed of flow

44
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air mover during a respiratory cycle

45
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The proportion of the lungs which are used normally

46
Q

What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

A

The engagement of extra muscles such as neck and locomotive muscles to expand and contract the lungs more during peak exercise

47
Q

Why is the PO2 proportionally less then air?

A

Water is added in the airways

48
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

reduced PaCO2

49
Q

What is haemoglobin made of?

A

4 hame units and associated globulin molecule

50
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

After one molecule of O2 binds the affinity for the second increases

51
Q

What effects the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Temperature, pH, PCO2, and conc of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate

52
Q

What are the three ways CO2 is transported?

A

Disolved in the plasma
As carbamino compounds
As bicarbonate ions

53
Q

What causes the production of carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

54
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

When Cl- is exchanged for bicarbonate in ethrocytes

55
Q

What are the names of the blood vessels which supply the lung?

A

Alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels

56
Q

What is the difference between alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels?

A

There alveolar vessels run un the alveolar septa and participate in mass exchange, where as the extra vessels move blood to and from the lung

57
Q

What is the bronchovascular bundle?

A

The pulmonary arteries and most veins which run along side the bronchi
It therefore consists of one artery, one bronchus, one vein and a connective tissue sheath

58
Q

Why do pulmonary capillaries have a pulse?

A

The pulmonary arteries have such a little effect on blood flow so the pulsations are transferred to the capillaries

59
Q

What type of receptors cause vasodilation and constriction of pulmonary blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation- Beta receptors

Vasoconstriction- alpha receptors

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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