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Year 1 NSF > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A dome shaped musculotendinous sheet

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2
Q

Where does the costal and crural portion of the diaphragm arise from?

A

Costal- xipohoid process and costochondral 8-12

Crural- ventral L1-4

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3
Q

What lines the thorax?

A

The pleura

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4
Q

What does the visceral pleura line?

A

The lungs

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5
Q

What are the three types of parietal pleura?

A

Mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal

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6
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

A collapsed lung di to hole in the pleura

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7
Q

What do the nasal turbinates do to air entering the lungs?

A

Warm, humidify, clean

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8
Q

Describe the route of air from the nasal cavity to the trachea

A

Nasal cavity to nasopharynx to larynx through glottic cleft into infraglottic cavity to trachea

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9
Q

Whee does the trachea terminate?

A

At the tracheal bifurcation, dorsal to base of heart

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea?

A

Fibrocartilagenous rings joined by elastic connective tissue, ends joined by tracheal muscle with ciliated lining

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11
Q

What do pigs and ruminants have before tracheal birfurcation?

A

Tracheal bronchus

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12
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

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13
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Cranial (caudal part and cranial part) and caudal

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14
Q

What do primary bronchus give off?

A

A secondary bronchus or lobar bronchus each to a lobe

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15
Q

What does a lobar bronchus give off?

A

Tertiary/ segmental bronchi

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16
Q

What is the portion of tissue called that a tertiary bronchus supplies?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment or primary lobule

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17
Q

What epithelium lines the airways?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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18
Q

What defines the division of bronchi and bronchioles?

A

The loss of cartilagenous rings and submucosal glands

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19
Q

What do bronchioles eventually feed into?

A

Terminal bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- alveolar ducts- alveolar sacs

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20
Q

How does the divisions form a monopodial system?

A

Parent bronchus gives off much smaller daughter bronchus continues 6 times then splits into 2 equal bronchi

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21
Q

How do respiratory bronchioles enable some gaseous exchange?

A

They posses alveolar outpouchings in their walls

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22
Q

What separates the alveoli and the blood?

A

Epithelial lining of alveolus, basement membrane, and endothelial cell of capillary wall

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23
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells (alvelocytes)?

A

Type 1 - simple squamous

Type 2- cuboidal

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24
Q

What are the functions of type 1 and 2 alvelocytes?

A

type 1- exchange

type 2- produce surfactant

25
What cell other then alveolocytes can be found in the alveolars?
Macrophages
26
What is a bundle of bronchus, artery and vein called?
A bronchovascular bundle
27
What arteries supply the lungs?
Bronchial arteries from aorta
28
What drains the lungs?
Bronchial veins into azygous
29
What innervates the lungs?
Pulmonary plexus from the vagus
30
What can a normal, increased rate, increased depth, increased effort and absence of breathing be called?
``` Normal- eupnoea Increased rate- tachypnoea Increased depth- hypernoea Effort- dyspnoea Absence- apnoea ```
31
Which two muscles contract during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
32
In which direction to the external intercostal muscles run?
Caudoventrally
33
What muscles does active inspiration use?
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
34
In what direction do the internal intercostal muscles run?
cranioventrally
35
How do abdominal muscles assist in expiration?
They push the abdominal contents cranially, forcing the relaxed diaphragm to dome up into the thorax
36
What is the definition of compliance?
The degree to which a change in transpulmonary pressure causes a change involute of the lung
37
What does compliance depend on?
Elasticity in the lung tissue and the surface tension in the alveoli
38
What cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
39
What is surfactant made up of?
Phospholipids, proteins and ca2+
40
How does surfactant reduce surface tension?
The hydrophilic heals dissolve in the liquid, the tails remind inside the liquid preventing hydrogen bonds
41
In what alveoli is more surfactant found?
Smaller alveoli to balance pressure in larger ones
42
How do horses reduce airway resistance?
Dilate their nares
43
What causes an increase in turbulence in airways?
Larger airways as there is increased speed of flow
44
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air mover during a respiratory cycle
45
What is the vital capacity?
The proportion of the lungs which are used normally
46
What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?
The engagement of extra muscles such as neck and locomotive muscles to expand and contract the lungs more during peak exercise
47
Why is the PO2 proportionally less then air?
Water is added in the airways
48
What is hypocapnia?
reduced PaCO2
49
What is haemoglobin made of?
4 hame units and associated globulin molecule
50
What is cooperative binding?
After one molecule of O2 binds the affinity for the second increases
51
What effects the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
Temperature, pH, PCO2, and conc of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
52
What are the three ways CO2 is transported?
Disolved in the plasma As carbamino compounds As bicarbonate ions
53
What causes the production of carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase
54
What is the chloride shift?
When Cl- is exchanged for bicarbonate in ethrocytes
55
What are the names of the blood vessels which supply the lung?
Alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels
56
What is the difference between alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels?
There alveolar vessels run un the alveolar septa and participate in mass exchange, where as the extra vessels move blood to and from the lung
57
What is the bronchovascular bundle?
The pulmonary arteries and most veins which run along side the bronchi It therefore consists of one artery, one bronchus, one vein and a connective tissue sheath
58
Why do pulmonary capillaries have a pulse?
The pulmonary arteries have such a little effect on blood flow so the pulsations are transferred to the capillaries
59
What type of receptors cause vasodilation and constriction of pulmonary blood vessels?
Vasodilation- Beta receptors | Vasoconstriction- alpha receptors

Year 1 NSF (11 decks)

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