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Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

. Clearing blood of waste metabolic products via filtration and excretion
. Balancing concentration of electrolytes in body fluids by filtration and excretion
. Reabsorption of molecules and water to maintain homeostasis
. Bp regulation via resin
. EPO production
. Conversation of vit. D3 to calcitriol
. Gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Components of urinary system

A

. 2 kidneys
. 2 ureters
. Urinary bladder
. Urethra

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3
Q

Kidney gross anatomy

A

. Concave hilum faces medially
. Renal a., v. And nn. Enter and leave at hilum
. Meets w/ ureter to form renal pelvis at hilum
. Renal pelvis forms 2-3 major calyces
. Major calyces divide into 6-12 minor calyces
. Each minor calyx is where papilla of pyramid drains

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4
Q

Kidney structure

A

. Cortex: outer, and juxtamedullary cortex
. Medulla: inner layer, 6-12 renal pyramids w/ base at corticomedullary junction
. Apex at hilum perforated by Ducts of Bellini forming area cribrosa
. Apex surrounded by minor calyx
. Each minor calyx collects urine droplets from area cribrosa
. Renal columns of Bertin: cortex that extend btw pyramids, part of medulla
. Pyramid w/ cortical region is renal lobe w/ renal capsule as base
. Lateral boundaries of renal lobule are renal columns

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5
Q

Filtration of blood in kidneys

A

. 20% CO: entire volume of blood volume passes through every 5 minutes
. 90% blood in renal cortex, 10% medulla
. 180 L of initial filtrate is produced in 24 hrs, 1-2L is excreted as urine, rest is returned into circulation

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6
Q

Kidney blood supply

A

. Renal aa.
. Segmental aa.
. Interlobar aa. Across renal columns btw pyramids
. Arcuate aa. R angle branches of interlobar aa. That arch over pyramids at corticomedullary junction
. Interlobular aa.: vertical branches of arcuate supplying renal cortex
. Afferent glomerular arterioles
. Glomerulus: tuft of anastomosing capillaries
. Efferent arterioles: drain glomerulus to 2nd capillary bed forming arterial portal system
. Peritubular capillary network or vasa recta after that

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7
Q

Peritubular capillary network

A

. Distributed through cortex
. Endothelial cells w/ CT of cortex and outer medulla
. Produce most of the EPO

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8
Q

Vasa recta of kidney

A

. Deep in medulla
. Descending components (arterial limb) hairpin turn and return as ascending venous limbs to corticomedullary junction
. Assoc. w/ loops of Henle and collecting ducts

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9
Q

Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta drain into ____

A

Interlobular vv.
. Arcuate vv.
. Interlobar vv.
. Renal vv.

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10
Q

Uriniferous tubule

A

. Nephron and collecting tubule
. Functional unit of kidney
. 600,000-1.2 million per kidney
. Forms urine
. Many nephrons drained by 1 collecting tubule
. Many collecting tubules form larger ducts in medulla
. Ducts of Bellini are largest collecting ducts

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11
Q

Components of nephron

A

. Renal (Malpighian) corpuscle: glomerulus and capsule of Bowman
. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
. Loop of Henle (thick (prox. Straight tubule) and thin descending, thick (distal straight tubule) and thin ascending)
. Distal convoluted tubule: Macula densa
. Collecting tubule/duct: transports filtrate to minor calyx

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12
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

. 85%
. In peripheral cortex
. Short loops of Henle that reach outer medulla

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13
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A 
. 15% 
. Near corticomedullary junction
. Long loops of Henle that extend to inner medulla 
. Important for reabsorption of water 
. Produce concentrated urine
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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

. Visceral layer has podocytes (1 layer of epithelial cells)
.work w/ capillary endothelial cells to facilitate initial renal filtration
. Parietal layer of SSNK continuous w/ simple cuboidal epithelium of PCT
. Urinary space: contains plasma filtrate (primary urine) btw visceral and parietal layers, continuous w/ lumen of PCT at urinary pole
. Opposite pose is where afferent articles enters and exits (vascular pole)

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15
Q

Podocytes

A

. Stellate shaped
. In Bowman’s capsule
. Have primary processes and many pedicels (secondary processes)
. Pedicels interdigitate w/ neighboring pedicels and forms lit pores
. Slit pores bridges by slit diaphragms

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16
Q

Slit diaphragms

A

. Specialized tight junctions made of neg. charged proteins and glycoproteins (nephrins)

17
Q

Glomerulus

A

. Tuft of type II capillaries w/o diaphragms

. Btw afferent and efferent arterioles

18
Q

Glomerular filtration barrier

A

. Thick basement membrane btw fenestrated endothelial cells and podocytes
. Made of fused basement membrane of both cells
. Separates blood from urinary space
. Restricts proteins larger then 70 kDa, blocking most plasma proteins

19
Q

Mesangium

A

. W//in glomerulus
. Replaces CT btw glomerular capillaries
. Made of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix

20
Q

Mesangial cells

A

. Pericyte-like cells in renal corpuscle
. Support glomerular capillaries
. Contract in response to changes in bp, optimize filtration rate
. Phagocytose proteins trapped in basement membrane

21
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

. Fills most of cortex
. Simple cuboidal epithelium for reabsorption
. Apically have brush border
. Basally have plasma membrane w/ infolding and long mitochondria
. Laterally have tight junctions, plasma membrane interdigitations
. Active and passive reabsorption of all proteins, organic nutrients, 70% of water via tight junctions and aquaporin-1 and NaCl
. Produces calcitriol

22
Q

Loop of Henle

A

. Descending and ascending limbs
. Thick descending is continuation of PCT entering medulla, Thick ascending is continuous in cortex w/ DCT, both low cuboidal cells
. Thin descending makes hairpin turn to thin ascending, SSNK on both
. Thin descending has apuaporin-1, both ascending loops impermeable to water
. Reabsorbs 15% water, 25% NaCl, K, Ca, HCO3

23
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

. Shorter than PCT (7:1 ratio)
. Simple cuboidal, short than PCT w/ no brush border
. Reabsorbs NaCl
. Impermeable to H2O until distal portion if ADH present

24
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

A

. Endocrine structure that autoregulates filtration rate and bp control
. Macula densa: initial part of DCT made of columnar, densely packed cells
. JG cells: renin-producing cells of afferent glomerular arterioles and sometimes efferent arterioles
. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells): supportive function

25
Q

How JG apparatus controls bp

A

. Low arterial pressure causes renin release from JG cells in blood
. Cleavage of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (AI)
. AI gets cleaved to AII by ACE in lung
. AII vasocontricts to inc. bp and stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
. Aldosterone promotes Na and H2O reabsorption in DCT
. Inc. blood volume, inc. bp
. Return to normal bp stops renin secretion by JG cells

26
Q

Collecting duct

A

. DCTs of many nephrons joins dn form short connecting tubule leading to collecting duct
. In cortical medullary rays
. Many ducts form papillary duct in renal pyramid apex
. Principal and intercalated cells
. Simple cuboidal in shape.
. Impermeable to H2O unless ADH present

27
Q

Principal cells in collecting ducts

A 
. Majority of cells
. Pale staining w/ distinct boundaries 
. Reabsorbs water and Na
. Secrete K 
. ADH targets these and makes them permeable by targeting aquaporin-2 cells
28
Q

Intercalated cells in collecting ducts

A

. Darker staining cells

. Play role in acid-base balance by secreting H or HCO3

29
Q

Bladder structure

A

. Transitional epithelium
. Inc. in thickness from ureter to urethra
. Impermeable to water and salts
. Dense lamina propria
. Muscularis in inner longitudinal and outer circular layers
. Lower third of ureter and bladder has 3rd longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

30
Q

Urethra in female

A

. 3-5 cm long
. Lined by transitional epithelium that changes to SSNK
. Continuous w/ labia minora

31
Q

Male urethra

A

. Prostatic lined by transitional epithelium
. Membranous lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratifed columnar
. Spongy, lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar w/ stratified columnar epithelium distally

32
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

. Hereditary
. Autosomal dominant linked to mutations in primary cilia proteins
. Forms large fluid-filled cysts
. Causes destruction of normal kidney architecture

33
Q

Diabetic kidney disease

A

Proteinuria linked to damaged podocytes

34
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomeruli from impairment of filtration barrier by deposition of antigen-antibody complexes
. From antibodies binding directly to basement membrane

35
Q

Diuretics

A

. Drugs that inc. urine output
. Common effect is inhibition of Na reabsorption by nephron
. Treats hypertension and edema

36
Q

Inhibitors if renin- angiotensin system

A

. Renin, ACE and AII blockers
. Hypertension treatment
. Prevention of DM II

Histology (22 decks)

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