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Histology > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Primary tissues

A

Group of similar cells that w/ extra cellular products are specialized to perform a common function

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2
Q

Types of primary tissues

A

Epithelium, CT, muscle, nervous tissue

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3
Q

Epithelia

A

. Closely associated cells w/ little ECM
. Cover and line almost all body and organ surfaces
. Avascular

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4
Q

What is epithelia derived from?

A

All primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

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5
Q

Basic epithelial functions

A 
. Protection
. Absorption
. Secretion
. excretion
. Gas exchange
. Gliding between inner body surfaces
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6
Q

Epithelial regions/domains

A

. Apical
. Basal
. Lateral

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7
Q

Epithelial apical domain

A

. Faces external environment or lumen of tubular structure
. Can exhibit structural surface modifications (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia) important for protection and absorption/movement of substances

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8
Q

Epithelial basal domain

A

Assoc. w/ basal lamina that separates epithelium from CT

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9
Q

Lateral domain in epithelia

A

In contact w/ neighboring cells

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10
Q

Microvilli

A

. Finger-like protections that inc. surface area (1um)
. Closely packed ones can be seen in LM as striated/brush border
. Single microvilli only seen in EM

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11
Q

What cells are microvilli found?

A

Cells involved in fluid transport and absorption (# microvilli correlates w/ cell absorptive capacity)

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12
Q

Microvilli structure

A

. Has cross-linked actin filament core from tip of microvillus into apical cytoplasm
. Anchored in terminal web

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13
Q

Terminal web structure

A

. Network of actin filaments added by spectrin, myosin, tropomyosin

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14
Q

Spectrin function in terminal web

A

Connects terminal web to apical cell membrane

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15
Q

Myosin and tropomyosin role in terminal web

A

Contractile proteins that affect size of apical cell surface

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16
Q

Stereocilia

A

. Long, branching finger-like projections in male reproductive system
. Supported by actin filaments and are immotile

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17
Q

Cilia

A

. Motile cell surface projections originating from basal bodies
. 5-10 um long

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18
Q

Structure of cilia

A

. Axoneme has 2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 microtubule doubles (9+2)
. Basal bodies formed by 9 triplets of microtubules w/o central microtubules (9+0)
. Axonemal doublets are continuous w/ 2 of 3 microtubules of basal body

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19
Q

Are 9+2 cilia motile?

A

YES

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20
Q

Cilia functions

A

. On cels used to transport substances over epithelial cell surface
. Protection of epithelial surface in respiratory tract
. Transport of fertilized egg from oviduct to uterus

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21
Q

What is axoneme a component of?

A

Sperm tail/flagellum

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22
Q

Genetic defects in axonemal proteins (kertagener’s Syndrome) cause what problems?

A

. Resp. Tract problems bc cilia can’t clear mucus

. Males are sterile bc sperm is immotile

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23
Q

Primary cilia

A

. 9+0 pattern

. immotile single primary cilium on every cell

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24
Q

Primary cilia function

A

Cellular antenna in sensing extra cellular environment

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25
Q

What diseases are linked to primary cilia damage?

A

Cancer, obesity, and polycystic kidney disease

26
Q

Lateral domain specialization in epithelium

A

. Close contact between epithelial cells maintained by CAMs and junctions
. Terminal bar

27
Q

Basal domain specializations in epithelial cells

A

. Basal lamina produced by epithelial cells
. Hemidesmosomes
. Basal infoldings in cells w/ active transport of ions (striations in LM)

28
Q

Basal lamina

A

. Sheet of ECM that anchors epithelia to CT

. Visible in EM only as lamina densa

29
Q

Major components of basal lamina

A

Type IV collagen and laminin and proteoglycans

30
Q

External lamina

A

Basal lamina around other cell types besides epithelia hat come in contact w/ CT and completely surrounds cell (muscle, fat cells)

31
Q

Basement membrane

A

. Basal lamina and lamina reticularis (underlying CT)

. Visible under LM

32
Q

Disruption in external lamina in skeletal muscles causes ___

A

Muscular dystrophies

33
Q

What pathological conditions change basal lamina thickness?

A

Diabetes and glomerulonephritis

34
Q

Size and shape types of epithelia

A

. Simple or stratified in number of layers

. Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape

35
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A

. Sheet of flat cells
. Mosaic appearance
. Prominent nucleus and attenuated cytoplasm
. Lines structures or spaces

36
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities

37
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines blood vessels

38
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

. Single layer cuboidal cells
. Square w/ round nucleus/ polygonal on surface view
. Secretory
. Lines ducts leading from secretory units
. Forms secretory units pyramid or square in shape

39
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

. Single layer columnar cells
. Rectangle w/ basally located nucleus/ polygonal in surface view
. Absorptive or secretory

40
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

. Basal cells cuboidal (along basal lamina, area of mitotic activity)
. Middle layers for cellular differentiation
. Surface cells squamous (less active)
. Lining or protective, metabolically less active
. Can be keratinized or nonkeratinizing

41
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

. 2+ layers of cuboidal cells

. Found in large ducts of exocrine glands

42
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

. Layers of cells w/ top layer columnar shape

. Found in largest ducts of exocrine glands and in parts of male urethra

43
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

. All cells contact basal lamina but are diff. Heights to looks layered
. Cell shape varies w/ nuclei at diff. Levels
. Lining type, frequently ciliated
. Found in resp. System

44
Q

Transitional (uroepithelium) epithelium

A

. Found lining dispensable organs (bladder)
. Relaxed state: many layers, surface cells bulge into lumen
. Distended state: fewer layers, surface cells squamous

45
Q

Endocrine glands

A

. Have no ducts, cells secrete products into blood/lymph indirectly
. Hormones diffuse via interstitium
. Single cells/groups of cells organized into sheets, cords, lumps, or follicles

46
Q

Exocrine glands

A

. Secrete products onto body surfaces via duct system
. Form sheet of cells secreting into common lumen (stomach)
. Have secretory units that secrete into duct system

47
Q

Types of exocrine glands and describe them

A

. Unicellular: 1-cell glands (goblet cells )
. Multicellular: secretory portion (alveolar v. Tubular), duct system (simple v compound), nature (mucous v. Serous), mode (merocrine, apocrine, Holocrine)

48
Q

Types of duct system

A

Simple: unbranched

. Compound: branched

49
Q

Shapes of secretory units

A

. Sac-like (acinar, alveolar, saccular)
. Tube-shapes (tubular)
. Mix (tubuloalveolar or tubuloacinar)

50
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretory product released by. Exocytosis (most common)

51
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Secretory products released in apical area of cell along with portion of cytoplasm and plasma membrane

52
Q

Holocrine exocrine secretion

A

Whole cell is secretory product

53
Q

Products secreted by merocrine glands

A

. Mucins produced by mucous cells (glycosylated, form mucus after hydrated, pale cytoplasm)
. Serous cells produce nonglycosylated proteins (have strongly staining cytoplasm and round nucleus)

54
Q

Secretory unit types

A

. Mucous (mucous glands)
. Serous (serous glands)
. Mixed: mucous secretory units capped by serous cells (serous demilune)

55
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transformation of 1 type of epithelium to another

56
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of epithelial origin

57
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor derived from glandular epithelium

58
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor (wart) projecting from surrounding surface from overgrowth of epithelial tissue on papillae of vascularized CT

59
Q

Basal infoldings

A

Indents in basal side of epithelium
. Mitochondria found there
. Found in cells that transport ions a lot

60
Q

Umbrella cells

A

Cells that are puffing out in transitional epithelium

61
Q

Acinar shape

A

Look like grapes, balls of secretory cells

Histology (22 decks)

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