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Histology > Cirulatory System > Flashcards

Cirulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of tunica intima

A

. Endothelial cells
. Basal lamina
. Subendothelial layer (Loose CT w/ or w/o smooth muscle)

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2
Q

What separates tunica intima from media in arteries and why?

A

. Inner elastic lamina w/ elastic fibers

. Allows for nutrient diffusion from intima to media

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3
Q

Tunica media

A

. Smooth muscles helical around long axis
. Extends from internal to external elastic lamina
. Can include fenestrated elastic lamellae, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans
. All ECM components produced by smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

. CT that becomes continuous w/ CT surrounding the vessels
. Thin in arteries
. Thick in veins when it constitutes main component of Essex wall

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5
Q

Vasa vorum

A

. Small blood vessels in walls of large arteries/veins
. Provide wall of adventitia and outer part of media w/ nutrients
. More in veins bc less diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from depleted blood in vein lumen

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6
Q

Nervous system components in vessels and where are they found

A

. Unmyelinated sympathetic fibers using NE
. NE causes vasoconstriction
. Artery nerve endings in adventitia
. Vein’s found in adventitia and media

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7
Q

Endothelium

A

. Simple squamous, in all blood and lymph vessels
. Forms selectively permeable barrier btw blood and tissues
. Allows diffusion of small molecules and restricts some macromolecules
. Have Weibel-Palade bodies in cytoplasm

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8
Q

. Weibel-Palade bodies

A

. Contain von Willebrand (VW) factor and P-selectins

. Compounds Released from granules at site of injury during inflammation

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9
Q

VW factor

A

Part of blood coagulation, absence causes hemophilia

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10
Q

P-selectins

A

. Expressed as adhesion molecule

. Play role in recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation site

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11
Q

Endothelium participates in _____

A

. Maintenance of nonthrombogenic barrier btw blood and subendothelial tissue
. Repair of damaged blood vessels (production of agents that promote platelet aggregation and clots)
. Modulation of immune responses (Cleese’s cytokines, cell interactions)
. Modulation of metabolic activities (synthesis/modification of various hormones and growth factors)

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12
Q

Large arteries

A

. Conducting vessels
. Aorta and branches
. Large amts of elastic fibers for more uniform blood flux
. Elastic laminae stretch during systole (ventricular contraction) to reduce pressure change
. Elastic rebound during diastole when ventricular pressure lowers to prevent change in arterial pressure

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13
Q

Large arteries tunica intima

A

. Endothelium
. Thick w/ subendothelial layer
. CT made of collagen and elastin
. Internal elastic lamina present but hard to see

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14
Q

Tunica media in large arteries

A

. 50-70 concentric fenestrated sheets of elastic laminae
. Each sheet 2-3 um thick and is 5-10 um from its neighbor
. External elastic lamina lacking
. Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibrils found btw successive lamellae
. Smooth muscle synthesize and maintain elastic lamellae

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15
Q

Tunica adventitia in large arteries

A

. Thin
. Elastic and collagen fibers
. Vasa vorum

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16
Q

Medium sized arteries

A

. Muscular/distributing

. Includes most named arteries in body

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17
Q

Medium arteries tunica intima

A

. Endothelium, subendothelial layer, internal elastic lamina
. Subendothelial layer size dec. as artery diameter dec.
. Subendothelial layer: collagen, few elastic fibers, some scattered longitudinal smooth muscle
. Internal elastic lamina prominent (scalloped line)

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18
Q

Tunica media in medium arteries

A

. Thickest layer
. Up to 40 layers smooth muscle
. Layers dec. as diameter dec. (3-4 layers in smallest)
. Scattered elastic laminae but not as prominent as large arteries
. External elastic lamina present

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19
Q

Tunica adventitia in medium arteries

A

. Prominent, thick as tunica media
. Longitudinally oriented CT and elastic fibers
. Vasa vasorum and lymph capillaries present

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20
Q

Small arteries

A

. 1-0.1 mm

. Distribute blood to arterioles

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21
Q

Arterioles

A

. 0.1-10um
. Resistance vessels
. Regulate arterial blood pressure and blood flow w/in organ
. Highly innervated, dilate/constrict in response to different stimuli

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22
Q

Arterioles tunica intima

A

. Only endothelium
. Internal elastic lamina absent
. Subendothelial CT very thin

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23
Q

Arteriole tunica media and adventitia

A

. 1-2 layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle
. No external elastic lamina
. Adventitia thin

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24
Q

Metarterioles

A

. Branch of arterioles
. Branch into capillaries
. Precapillary sphincter (ring of smooth muscle) that controls blood flow into capillary bed at point of branching

25
Q

Capillary functions

A

. Exchange of nutrients, H2O, CO2, and O2 btw tissue and blood
. Metabolism of substances by endothelial cells themselves
. Production of vasoactive factors
. Prevention of formation of thrombus

26
Q

Capillary structure

A

. Single layer endothelium forming tube w/ cells oriented w/ long axis parallel to flow of blood
. 7-9 um diameter, 0.25-1 mm in length (some up to 50 mm)
. Basal lamina form by endothelial cells
. Nucleus of endothelial cell bulges into lumen
. Cytoplasm has few organelles and tons microfilaments
. Cells joined by zonula occludentes and gap junctions

27
Q

Pericytes

A

. Mesenchymal origin
. Long processes that partly surround endothelial cells in capillaries
. Contractile cells that modulate blood flow downstream of arterioles
. Has own basal lamina fused w/ basal lamina of epithelial cells

28
Q

Continuous/somatic capillaries

A

. Type I
. Endothelial cells have many pinocytotic vesicles but no fenestrae (less vesicles in nervous system)
. Basal lamina continuous
. Found in muscle, CY, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue

29
Q

Fenestrated/visceral capillaries w/ diaphragm

A

. Type II
. Fenestrae (large openings 60-80 nm) in cytoplasm
. Covered by thin diaphragm thinner than cell membrane
. Basal lamina continuous around capillary
. Found in kidney, intestine, and endocrine glands (rapid exchange of molecule locations)

30
Q

Fenestrated capillary w/o diaphragm

A

. Type II
. Thick continous basal lamina separates endothelial cells from adjacent structures
. Found in glomerulus of kidney

31
Q

Sinusoid capillary

A

. Greatly dilated lumen (30-40 um)
. Sometimes cells not connected by cell junctions and spaces are present
. Basal lamina discontinuous
. Phagocytic cells found in tissue adjacent to sinusoid
. Found in liver, bone marrow, and spleen
. Structure facilitates passage of blood cells into and out of vessel

32
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

. Arterioles w/ thick, innervated tunica media communicate w/ venules
. normally Smooth muscle contraction closes off lumen of anastomoses to direct blood into capillary bed
. Relaxation opens up lumen so blood flows directly into venule
.thermoregulation
. Found in fingertips, lips, nose, toes
. Responsible for cold induced sympathetic Adrenalin vasoconstriction in fingers

33
Q

Venules

A

. Smallest postcapillary venules (10-50 um)

. Largest are muscular venules (50-100 um)

34
Q

Venule tunica intima

A

. Thin, poorly joined cells

. No internal elastic lamina

35
Q

Venule tunica media

A

. Postcapillary contains pericytes

. Muscular contained 2-3 layers smooth muscle cells circularly arranged

36
Q

Venule tunica adventitia

A

. Thick compared to arterioles

. Collagen fibers and fibroblasts

37
Q

Medium sized veins

A

. Up to 10 mm
. Tunica intima: thin, narrow subendothelial layer containing collagen and elastic fibers, poorly developed elastic lamina
. Tunica media: circular arranged smooth muscle, thinner than artery, reticular and elasticfibers
. Tunica adventitia: contains collagen fibers, well developed, bulk of wall thickness, may have some smooth muscle fibers

38
Q

Valves

A

. Seen in lumen of medium-sized veins
. Semi-Lunar shaped folds in tunica intima made of CT core on both sides by endothelium w/ elastic tissue
. Numerous in vessels of limbs to prevent backflow

39
Q

Large veins

A

. >10mm (sup./inf vena canvas, renal veins)
. Tunica intima well developed, fragmented internal elastic lamina
. Media: thin, few layers smooth muscle in abundant collagen fibers
. Adventitia: thickest, loosely know CT w/ thick longitudinal bundles of collagen and elastic, longitudinally oriented smooth muscle bundles (well developed in inf. Vena cava)
. Cardiac fibers may be present in sup./inf. Vena cava, pulmonary vessels close to heart

40
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

. Portal hepatic vein connects intestinal capillaries to sinusoids in liver
. Blood flows from sinusoids into hepatic veins

41
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

. Large capillaries connect capillaries of hypothalamus w/ papillary plexus of pituitary gland (hypophysis)

42
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies

A

. Arterial sensory structures
. Small, chemoreceptors for O2 tension, CO2 levels, and blood pH
. Found at bifurcation of common carotid arteries and aortic arch
. Rich capillary networks by neural-crest-derived glomus cells ( contain neurotransmitters)
. Afferent nerve fibers from synapsis w/ glomuand signal brain cardiorespiratory centers

43
Q

Layers of heart

A

. Endocardium
. Myocardium
. Epicardium

44
Q

Endocardium

A

. Homologous to tunica intima
. Single layer endothelial cells, subendothelial layer, and subendocardial layer
. Cells joined by jap and tight junctions
. Subendothelial: CT w/ elastic and collagen and some smooth muscle
. Subendocardial: deep to endothelial layer, dense CT binds that endocardium to myocardium, contains collagen and elastic, nerves, and purkinje cells in ventricles

45
Q

Purkinje cells

A

. Modified muscle fibers
. Larger w/ more sarcophagi than typical cardiac cells
. Cytoplasm appears vacuolated from large amts glycogen

46
Q

Myocardium

A

. Thickest layer
. Cardiac muscle cells
. Thicker in ventricle than atria
. Arranged in spirals that insert into fibrous skeleton of heart

47
Q

Epicardium

A

. Covers outer surface of heart
. Surface layer to mesothelioma cells (visceral layer of serous pericardium), layer of thin CT underlying mesothelioma, and subepicardium

48
Q

Subepicardium

A

. Loose CT contains nerve, ganglia, and fair amt adipose

. Coronary vessels course w/in subepicardial layer

49
Q

Fibrous skeleton of heart

A

. Dense CT found around valves and upper portion of interventricular septum
. Attachment site for cardiac muscle fibers

50
Q

Valves in heart

A

. Core of dense CT covered on both sides w/ endocardium

. Attached to fibrous skeleton

51
Q

Lymph is drained from interstitium via ___

A

. Blind-ending lymphatic capillaries

52
Q

Collecting lymphatic vessels unite to form ___

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

53
Q

Intrinsic contraction of lymph flow

A

. Smooth muscle of wall contracts when collecting lymphatics become extended w/ lymph
. Each section btw valves is like automatic pump
. Segment filled, wall contracts, valve opens, and lymph flows to next segment

54
Q

Extrinsic contraction of lymph

A

. Contraction of surrounding uncles, arterial pulsations, and compression of tissues by forces outside the body compress lymph vessels causing pumping

55
Q

Lymph vessel structure

A

. Similar to veins w/ thinner walls and no separation into intima, media, and. Adventitia
. Large number valves

56
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

. Thin-walled
. Thin continuous endothelium w/ discontinuous basal lamina
. Junctional complexes rare, clefts btw cells
. Leaky
. Anchoring microfilaments from capillary to adjacent CT help keep capillary open
. Big in dermis of skin and mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory system s
. NOT present in avascular structures, brain, eyeball, inner ear, and spleen

57
Q

Lymphedema

A

. Accumulation of interstitial fluid

. Common problem in radical mastectomy when all axillary lymph nodes are removed

58
Q

Lymph collecting vessels

A

. Poorly defined layers
. Valves
. Largest is thoracic duct, resembles Small veins w/ larger lumen and prominent valves
. 25-50% lymph flows into thoracic duct produced by liver

59
Q

T/F disease of circulatory system are largest cause of morbidity and mortality in western society

A

T

Histology (22 decks)

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