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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

. Connecting framework of the body (continuous w/ basic tissue)
. Supportive framework of the body (cartilage, bones, ligaments, tendons)
. Protection and defense (immune/inflammatory responses, tissue repair)
. Fat storage

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2
Q

Stroma

A

Connective framework of body organs and glands

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3
Q

CT composition

A

ECM and cells

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4
Q

ECM components

A

Ground substance and fibers

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5
Q

Ground substance

A

Highly hydrated mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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6
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

. Linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units

. Net. Charge from sulfate and carbonyl groups on sugars attracting water and form hydrated

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7
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

. Largest GAG (10,000 kDa)
. Made of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
. Axis of proteoglycan aggregate
. Not covalently bound to proteins

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8
Q

GAGS made of disaccharides w/ sulfate residues

A

. Chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate
. Covalently bound to proteins

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9
Q

Proteoglycans

A

. Large molecules composed of a core protein w/ covalently bound GAGs
. Multiple proteoglycans bind via link proteins to hyaluronan core molecule to form giant proteoglycan aggregates

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10
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

A

. Link ECM elements to cell surface
. Binding sites for various ECM elements
. Interact w/ cell surface receptors

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11
Q

Fibronectin

A

. Located on reticular lamina
. Main adhesion molecule of ECM
. Binding sites to heparin, collagen I, II, and III, fibrin and integrin (cell surface protein)

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12
Q

What binds to laminin in ground substance?

A

Collagen type IV (basal lamina component), heparin, and integrin (part of ECM)

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13
Q

Collagen

A

. Triple helix molecule rich in Gly, hydroxyproline, and hydroxlysine
.

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14
Q

Fibrillar collagen

A

. Type I, II, III collagen
. Collagen molecule formed by 3 polypeptides forming triple helix
. Aggregate and convalently cross-linked to form collagen fibers
. Type 1 fibers aggregate to make collagen bundles

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15
Q

Collagen fibrils

A

. Multiple molecules of collagen aggregated
. Aligned in regular arrangement
. See in EM

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16
Q

T/F you can only see collagen bundles in LM

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Reticular fibers

A

. Very thin type III collagen
. Form stroma around functional cells of organs
. Stain with silver stains (argophylic)

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18
Q

Nonfibrillar collagen

A

. Type IV
. Shorter triple-helical segments separated by nontrip;e-helical segments
. In basal lamina, binds to laminin

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19
Q

Scurvy

A

Hydroxylation of pro/lys in collagen synthesis requires vitamin C
. Deficiency creates this
. Inadequate wound healing and impaired bone formation

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20
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Group of disorders characterized by bone fragility and laxity of ligaments

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21
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

Hyperelasticity of skin and hyper mobility of joints
. Vascular alterations causing varicose veins and artery rupture
. Collagen III defect

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22
Q

Fibrosis

A

Excessive collagen accumulation

23
Q

Elastic fibers

A

. Networks of elastin molecules cross linked by desmosine and isodesmosine
. Stretch and recoil
. Interspersed w/ collagen bundles in bending organs

24
Q

When are elastic fibers produced?

A

Embryonic development and adolescence

25
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

. Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by weakening of elastic tissue
. Occular, skeletal, and cardiovascular issues
. Mutation in fibrillin gene causing excessive transforming growth factor beta release
. Elastic fiber issue where fibrillin that binds to elastin cannot bind TGF beta resulting in increased TGF beta levels making people long limbed

26
Q

Fibroblasts

A

. Resident cells
. Synthesize ECM
. Spindle-shaped cells w/ elongated nuclei
. Cytoplasm not visible
. well developed rER and golgi EM
Secrete procollagen
Removal of terminal globular peptides and self assembly into polymeric fibrils

27
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

. Resemble smooth muscle cells

. Aid in wound contraction

28
Q

Macrophages

A

. Maintain self-renewal ability
. Express receptors for ECM components
. Modify ECM
. Hard to see in LM unless visible digested material
. Irregular nucleus, prominent golgi, lysosomes in EM
. Ingest old cells, debris, and ECM
. Immune defense
. Most transient with a few types of resident cells

29
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages in liver

30
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages in CNS

31
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

In lungs

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Macrophages of bone

33
Q

How are macrophages derived?

A

Bone marrow derived monocytes that circulate inn blood then migrate into CT in response to inflammatory signals to differentiate

34
Q

Macrophages function in immune defense

A

. Detect microbes and present antigens (proteins) to lymphocytes
. Produce cytokines

35
Q

Cytokines

A

Biologically active substance that affect activity of other cells

36
Q

Mast cells

A

. Visiting cells from bone marrow (differentiate once in CT)
. In skin and mucous membrane CT
. Absent in CNS
. Cytoplasm has basophilic granules w/ centrally located nucleus
. Holds Inflammation mediators

37
Q

Inflammation mediators in mast cells

A

. Granules: heparin, histamine, chemoatractive mediators for cells of immune system
. Luekotriens are released from cell membrane

38
Q

How mediators in mast cells play a role in allergic reactions

A

Regulates vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle tone

39
Q

Plasma cell

A

. Visiting cell
. Product of B lymphocyte differentiation but not classified as lymphocyte
. Synthesize and secrete antibodies
. Basophilic cytoplasm w/ negative golgi, prominent nucleolus, clock face nucleus in LM
. EM good rER and golgi

40
Q

Leukocytes

A

. Visiting cells (transient) the migrate into CT from blood

. Include lymphocytes and granulocytes

41
Q

Adipocytes

A

. Fat storage

. Isolated or groups w/in loos and dense irregular CT

42
Q

Unilocular adipocytes

A

. White
. 1 use droplet of lipid
. Look empty with thin ring of cytoplasm

43
Q

Multilocular adipocytes

A

. Brown
. Many small lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria
. Smaller than white
. Heat producing

44
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Unspecialized CT in embryo
Derived from mesoderm
Mostly ground substance

45
Q

Mesenchymal cell

A

. Embryonic CT that can develop into other CT cell types (pleuripotent)
. Seen in developing tooth bud and umbilical cord
. Stellate-shaped w/ oval pale nucleus and big nucleolus

46
Q

Mucous (mucoid) CT

A

. Embryonic CT in umbilical cord
. Formed by gelatin-like ECM
. Fibroblast morphology
. Ground substance (Wharton’s jelly) rich in hyaluronic acid

47
Q

Loose CT

A

. Loose network of fibers and cell of different types
. Ground substance more than fibers
. Flexible, delicate
. Under epithelia for support )lamina propria)
. Cell types there are transient and migrate there in response to stimuli
. Site of inflammatory and immune rxns
. Also called areolar

48
Q

Dense CT

A

. Abundant collagen fibers and few cells, mostly fibroblasts

. Irregular, regular, and elastic types

49
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

. Fibers in different directions

. Woven into interlacing sheets that resist tensile stress from any direction

50
Q

Dense regular CT

A

. Tendon
. Fibers in tightly packed, parallel bundles
. Sparse fibroblasts compressed between bundles
. Transmits mechanical forces over distance

51
Q

Elastic CT

A

. Dense CT rich in elastic fiber
. Requires orcein to be differentiated from dense CT
. In lungs, skin, artery walls, and elastic ligaments

52
Q

Reticular CT

A

. Has reticular fibers produced by reticular cells
. Reticular fibers enveloped by reticular cell cytoplasm,
. Delicate stroma of liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs
. Can see with silver stain

53
Q

White adipose tissue

A

. Unilocular adipocytes
. Long term energy (15020% men body fat (20-25% woman body fat)
. Insulates, fills space, shock absorber
. Near loose CT
. Produce hormones, growth factors, and cytokines (leptin)

54
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

. Multilocular adipocytes
. Abundant mitochondria and blood capillaries
. Heat production
. Big in newborns (5% body mass)

Histology (22 decks)

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