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Histology > Blood And Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood And Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Volume and percentage of blood in adult

A

. 5 L

. 6-8% of total body weight

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2
Q

Parts of blood

A

. Formed elements

. Liquid plasma

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3
Q

Buffy coat

A

. Made up of leukocytes and platelets

. 1% of blood volume

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4
Q

Differential leukocyte count

A

. Percentage of each cell type on stained (giemsa and wright) blood smear
. Based on basophilia, eosinophilia, azurophilia (reddish purple), and neutrophilia (salmon pink)

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5
Q

Plasma composition

A

. 90% water

. 10% solutes

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6
Q

Types fo solutes and percentages in plasma

A

. 7% plasma proteins
. 2.1% organic molecules
. 0.9% inorganic salts (electrolytes)

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7
Q

Plasma proteins

A 
. Albumins (3.5-5g/dL of blood)
. Globulins (204g/dL), alpha, beta, and gamma immunoglobins
. Fibrinogen
. Complement proteins 
. Plasma lipoproteins
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8
Q

Albumin

A

Maintenance of osmotic pressure of blood

Produced by hepatocyte

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9
Q

Fibrinogen produced by ___

A

Hepatocyte

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10
Q

Complement proteins

A

Mediate phagocytosis, control inflammation, interact w/ antibodies

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11
Q

Organic molecules in plasma

A 
. Amino acids 
. Glucose
. Vitamins 
. Enzyme 
. Regulatory peptides
. Steroids 
. Lipids
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12
Q

erythrocyte cytoskeleton

A

. Maintained by alpha and beta spectrin that binds to actin and other proteins
. Actin, spectrin, and cytoskeletal proteins link together to form 3D network under cell membrane
. Allows cell to withstand stress of being forced through capillaries

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13
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

. Stacks of RBCs from high plasma proteins (immunoglobulins and fibrinogen) causing inc. in sedimentation rate of RBCs
. Characteristics of inflammatory states, cancer, diabetes

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14
Q

Percentage of African Americans heterozygous for HbS

A

8%

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15
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Antibody-induced hemolytic disease in newborns caused by blood group incompatibility btw mother and fetus

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16
Q

Percentage of reticulocytes in blood

A

1% (inc. in O2 poor environment)

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17
Q

Microcytic anemia MCV range

A

<80fL

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18
Q

Normocytic anemia MCV range

A

80-100 fL

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19
Q

Macrocytic anemia MCV range

A

> 100 fL

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20
Q

Hypochromic anemia MCH

A

<27 pg

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21
Q

Normochromic anemia MCH range

A

27-31 pg

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22
Q

Hyperchromic anemia MCH

A

> 31 pg

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23
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Anemia from B12 deficiency

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24
Q

Granulocyte characteristics

A

. polymorphonuclear (2-5lobes)
. Members of initially responding innate immune system against microorganisms
. Contain nonspecific (primary) and specific (secondary) granules
. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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25
Q

Percentage of neutrophils in blood

A

60-70% (live 6-7 hrs in blood, 1-5 days in tissues)

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26
Q

Neutrophil physical characteristics

A

. 10-12 um in diameter
. Nucleus 3-4 lobes (polymorphs)
. Barr body
. Specific and nonspecific granules

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27
Q

Neutrophil specific granules (salmon-pink) and functions

A

. Alkaline phosphatase: diagnostic of mature neutrophils
. Type IV collagenase: digestion of basal lamina btw endothelial cells during diapedesis
. Lysozyme: binds cell wall peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria
. Lactoferin: binds Fe needed for bacterial survival

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28
Q

Nonspecific granules

A

. 0.5 um
. Azurophilic
. Primary lysosomes present in all granulocytes

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29
Q

Neutrophil function

A

. 1st line of defense in acute inflammation
. Use nonspecific collagenase and type IV collagenase to traverse basal lamina surrounding capillaries
. Phagocytose and kill invading bacteria
. Many neutrophils die contributing to pus formation

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30
Q

Hypersegmentation of neutrophils is assoc. w/ ____

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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31
Q

Percentage of Eosinophils in blood and their size

A

2-4%

10-14 um diameter

32
Q

Eosinophil physical characteristics

A

. 2 lobed nucleus
. Specific and nonspecific granules (not as many as neutrophil)
.

33
Q

Specific granules and functions in eosinophil

A

. 200/cell
. Cat’s eye
. Externum part (allergic rxns and asthma): histaminase (inactivated histamine), cathepsin (intracellular protease and peptidase), eosinophilic peroxidase
. Central dense crystalloid inclusion (killing of parasites): Arginine rich major basic protein (responsible for eosinophila and kills parasites), eosinophil cationic protein (kills parasites), neurotoxin

34
Q

Basophil size and percentage in blood

A

. 0-1%

. 10-12 um

35
Q

Basophil physical characteristics

A

. 2-3 nucleus lobes

. Specific and nonspecific (not as many as neutrophil) granules

36
Q

Basophil specific granules and functions

A

. 0.3-1.5 um w/ no central crystaloid (metachromasia to black)
. Histamine: vasodilation/leakiness of small blood vessels, contraction bronchial smooth muscle
. Heparin: intensely basophilic, anticoagulant
. Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS): mediator of bronchial asthma causing prolonged contraction of smooth muscle
. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)
. Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)

37
Q

Basophil functions

A

. Important in allergic rxns similar to mast cells
. Express receptors for Fc fragment of IgE (similar to mast cells)
. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity
. Important in activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes (crucial for host defense against helminths)

38
Q

Agranulocytes

A

. Mononuclear
. Azurophilic granules (0.05-0.25 um) but no specific granules
. Lymphocytes and monocytes

39
Q

Lymphocyte characteristics

A

. 30% in blood
. All sizes but mostly 8-10 um
. Live as memory cells for yrs
. Densely heterochromatic and spherical nucleus
. Large azurophilic granules in cytoplasm of NK cells
. Modest organelles, blue cytoplasm

40
Q

Types of lymphocytes and functions

A

. T cells (85-90%): function in adaptive immunity mature in thymus
. B cells (4-10%): function in adaptive immunity
. NK cells (5%): innate immunity, kill tumor cells and respond to come virally infected cells, morphology of large granular lymphocytes
. CD34 circulating stem cells (0.1%)

41
Q

Monocytes

A

. 3-8% in blood, live <3 days before leaving blood
. 12-20 um
. Distributed through blood stream to all tissues of body
. W/in tissues differentiate into macrophages, myeloid-derived dendritic cells, and osteoclasts
. Kidney-shaped nucleus w/. 2-3 nucleoli
. Small azurophilic granules w/ defensins
. Well developed golgi

42
Q

Platelets characteristics

A

. 300,000/uL
. 2-5 um in diameter
. Live for 10 days
. Originate from bone marrow megakaryocytes
. Formed from proplatelets
. Have granules
. Crucial in blood clot formation and repair of blood vessel walls

43
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Large polyploid cells that enlarge by endomitosis (up to 64N DNA in nucleus)

44
Q

Proplatelets

A

Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes that penetrate sinusoidal bone marrow endothelium

45
Q

Plate granule types and functions

A

. Alpha (300-500 nm): fibrinogen, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
. Delta dense bodies (250-300 nm): Ca, pyrophosphatase, ADP/ATP, serotonin (stimulates vascular smooth muscles contraction), histamine
. Lambda (175-200 nm): lysosomes
. Glycogen

46
Q

Red marrow

A

Color is produced by blood and blood-forming cells

47
Q

Yellow marrow

A

. Abundant fat
. Inc. w/ age
. Convert back to red marrow in pathological conditions

48
Q

Function of adipocytes in marrow?

A

Regulate hemopoietic stem cells function

49
Q

T/F infants have both types of marrow

A

F, only have red marrow

50
Q

T/F bone marrow primary site of hemopoiesis, differentiation/ maturation of lymphocytes completed in lymphoid organs/tissues

A

T

51
Q

Sites of hemopoiesis in fetus

A

. Liver and spleen and marrow

52
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

. Medullary cavity of long bones and in cavities of cancellous bones

53
Q

Red marrow structure

A

. CT stroma of reticular cells/fibers
. Sinusoidal capillaries
. Cords of blood-forming cells

54
Q

Hemopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

. Found in blood islands of embryo’s sac at 2 weeks of development
. Progenitors of both hematopoietic and endothelial cells

55
Q

When does hemopoiesis occur in liver in fetus?

A

2nd trimester

56
Q

When does bone marrow become primary site of hemopoiesis?

A

. 7th month of fetal development

57
Q

HSC gives rise to ____

A

Colony-forming units (CFU) w/ restricted potentials

58
Q

CFU potentials

A

. Granulocyte-monocyte lineage of CFU-granulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM)
. Erythroid lineage of CFU-erythrocytes (CFU-E)
. Thrombocytic lineage of CFU-megakaryocytes (CFU-Meg)
. Lymphoid lineage o CFU-lymphocytes (CFU-L)

59
Q

hemopoietic growth factor characteristics

A

. Control cellular proliferation and maturation
. Produced in bone marrow by stroma cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, developing lymphocytes, and macrophages
. Produced outside bone marrow

60
Q

Hemopoietic growth factor types

A

. Colony stimulating factor (CSF): granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF)
. Erythropoietin (EPO): all erythroid progenitors cells
. Thrombopoietin: megakaryoblasts and their progenitors
. interleukins: all granulocyte/megakaryocyte GF (IL-3), basophils/mast cells GF (IL-4), eosinophils/B lymphocytes GF (IL-5)

61
Q

Erythrocytic Stages of development from blast to mature cell

A 
. Proerythroblast
. Basophilic erythroblast
. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
. Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
. Reticulocyte 
. Mature RBC
62
Q

Proerythroblast

A

. 15-20 um

. Large cell w/ open-faced and prominent nucleoli

63
Q

Basophilic erythroblast

A

. 12-16 um
. Cytoplasm strongly basophilic
. Nucleus condenses, no nucleoli
. Basophilia of cytoplasm is due to large # of polyribosomes producing Hb

64
Q

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

A

. 10-12 um
. Nucleus is smaller w more compact heterochromatin
. Cytoplasm blue-grey or mottled (pink/blue)
. Staining reflects dec. in number. Of polyribosomes and inc. in amt. of Hb
. LAST STAGE CAPABLE OF MITOSIS

65
Q

Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)

A

. 8-10 um
. Small, pyknotic nucleus
. Cytoplasm acidophilic (same color as mature RBC)
. Nucleus will be extruded

66
Q

Reticulocyte

A

. Slightly larger than mature RBC
. Contains small number of polyribosomes that are visible if stained w/ special dye
. Found in circulation
. Inc. numbers indication of pathological condition

67
Q

During granulocyte development ____

A

. Nucleus becomes lobulated/indented
. Cell vol. dec.
. Cytoplasm becomes filled w/ granules specific to cell type

68
Q

Stages of granulocyte development

A 
. Myeloblast
. Promyelocyte
. Myelocyte
. Metamyelocyte
. Mature granulocyte
69
Q

Myeloblast

A

. 10-13 um

. Open-faces nucleus, prominent nucleoli, agranular, basophilic cytoplasm

70
Q

Promyelocyte

A

. 15-20 um
. Nucleus round/oval, prominent nucleoli
. Basophilic cytoplasm w/ presence of azurophilic granules

71
Q

Myelocyte

A

. 12-18 um
. Divergence into 3 specific granulocyte types occurs at this stage
. Neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic myelocyte
. Specific granules inc. in quantity and occupy most of cytoplasm
. Nucleus condenses (round)
. Last stage capable of mitosis

72
Q

Metamyelocytes

A

. 12-15 um
. Nucleus becomes indented to horseshoe/kidney shape
. Specific granules dominate
. Differentiated as neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic metamyelocytes
. Late metamyelocyte w/ nucleus in form of indented rod (band cell)

73
Q

Band cells

A

. Immediate precursors of 3 forms of mature granulocytes
. 1-3% enter circulation
. Significant inc. in circulation indicates rise in cell proliferation

74
Q

Platelet development

A
  1. Megakaryoblasts undergo endomitosis (many DNA replications w/o division)
  2. Results in megakaryocyte ( 35-150 um big cell w/ polyploid nucleus)
  3. Proplatelets formed as cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes that penetrate sinusoidal bone marrow endothelium
  4. Platelets come from proplatelets
75
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignancies from abnormal proliferation of leukocytes w/in bone marrow that are released into peripheral blood

76
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

. Neoplastic proliferation of mature leukocytes
. Acute in adults over 40
. Can transform into more aggressive acute forms

77
Q

Acute leukemia

A

Neoplastic proliferation of immature leukocytes (blast cells)

Histology (22 decks)

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