Blood And Hemopoiesis Flashcards
Volume and percentage of blood in adult
. 5 L
. 6-8% of total body weight
Parts of blood
. Formed elements
. Liquid plasma
Buffy coat
. Made up of leukocytes and platelets
. 1% of blood volume
Differential leukocyte count
. Percentage of each cell type on stained (giemsa and wright) blood smear
. Based on basophilia, eosinophilia, azurophilia (reddish purple), and neutrophilia (salmon pink)
Plasma composition
. 90% water
. 10% solutes
Types fo solutes and percentages in plasma
. 7% plasma proteins
. 2.1% organic molecules
. 0.9% inorganic salts (electrolytes)
Plasma proteins
. Albumins (3.5-5g/dL of blood) . Globulins (204g/dL), alpha, beta, and gamma immunoglobins . Fibrinogen . Complement proteins . Plasma lipoproteins
Albumin
Maintenance of osmotic pressure of blood
Produced by hepatocyte
Fibrinogen produced by ___
Hepatocyte
Complement proteins
Mediate phagocytosis, control inflammation, interact w/ antibodies
Organic molecules in plasma
. Amino acids . Glucose . Vitamins . Enzyme . Regulatory peptides . Steroids . Lipids
erythrocyte cytoskeleton
. Maintained by alpha and beta spectrin that binds to actin and other proteins
. Actin, spectrin, and cytoskeletal proteins link together to form 3D network under cell membrane
. Allows cell to withstand stress of being forced through capillaries
Rouleaux formation
. Stacks of RBCs from high plasma proteins (immunoglobulins and fibrinogen) causing inc. in sedimentation rate of RBCs
. Characteristics of inflammatory states, cancer, diabetes
Percentage of African Americans heterozygous for HbS
8%
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Antibody-induced hemolytic disease in newborns caused by blood group incompatibility btw mother and fetus
Percentage of reticulocytes in blood
1% (inc. in O2 poor environment)
Microcytic anemia MCV range
<80fL
Normocytic anemia MCV range
80-100 fL
Macrocytic anemia MCV range
> 100 fL
Hypochromic anemia MCH
<27 pg
Normochromic anemia MCH range
27-31 pg
Hyperchromic anemia MCH
> 31 pg
Pernicious anemia
Anemia from B12 deficiency
Granulocyte characteristics
. polymorphonuclear (2-5lobes)
. Members of initially responding innate immune system against microorganisms
. Contain nonspecific (primary) and specific (secondary) granules
. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Percentage of neutrophils in blood
60-70% (live 6-7 hrs in blood, 1-5 days in tissues)
Neutrophil physical characteristics
. 10-12 um in diameter
. Nucleus 3-4 lobes (polymorphs)
. Barr body
. Specific and nonspecific granules
Neutrophil specific granules (salmon-pink) and functions
. Alkaline phosphatase: diagnostic of mature neutrophils
. Type IV collagenase: digestion of basal lamina btw endothelial cells during diapedesis
. Lysozyme: binds cell wall peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria
. Lactoferin: binds Fe needed for bacterial survival
Nonspecific granules
. 0.5 um
. Azurophilic
. Primary lysosomes present in all granulocytes
Neutrophil function
. 1st line of defense in acute inflammation
. Use nonspecific collagenase and type IV collagenase to traverse basal lamina surrounding capillaries
. Phagocytose and kill invading bacteria
. Many neutrophils die contributing to pus formation
Hypersegmentation of neutrophils is assoc. w/ ____
Megaloblastic anemia
Percentage of Eosinophils in blood and their size
2-4%
10-14 um diameter
Eosinophil physical characteristics
. 2 lobed nucleus
. Specific and nonspecific granules (not as many as neutrophil)
.
Specific granules and functions in eosinophil
. 200/cell
. Cat’s eye
. Externum part (allergic rxns and asthma): histaminase (inactivated histamine), cathepsin (intracellular protease and peptidase), eosinophilic peroxidase
. Central dense crystalloid inclusion (killing of parasites): Arginine rich major basic protein (responsible for eosinophila and kills parasites), eosinophil cationic protein (kills parasites), neurotoxin
Basophil size and percentage in blood
. 0-1%
. 10-12 um
Basophil physical characteristics
. 2-3 nucleus lobes
. Specific and nonspecific (not as many as neutrophil) granules
Basophil specific granules and functions
. 0.3-1.5 um w/ no central crystaloid (metachromasia to black)
. Histamine: vasodilation/leakiness of small blood vessels, contraction bronchial smooth muscle
. Heparin: intensely basophilic, anticoagulant
. Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS): mediator of bronchial asthma causing prolonged contraction of smooth muscle
. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)
. Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)
Basophil functions
. Important in allergic rxns similar to mast cells
. Express receptors for Fc fragment of IgE (similar to mast cells)
. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity
. Important in activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes (crucial for host defense against helminths)
Agranulocytes
. Mononuclear
. Azurophilic granules (0.05-0.25 um) but no specific granules
. Lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocyte characteristics
. 30% in blood
. All sizes but mostly 8-10 um
. Live as memory cells for yrs
. Densely heterochromatic and spherical nucleus
. Large azurophilic granules in cytoplasm of NK cells
. Modest organelles, blue cytoplasm
Types of lymphocytes and functions
. T cells (85-90%): function in adaptive immunity mature in thymus
. B cells (4-10%): function in adaptive immunity
. NK cells (5%): innate immunity, kill tumor cells and respond to come virally infected cells, morphology of large granular lymphocytes
. CD34 circulating stem cells (0.1%)
Monocytes
. 3-8% in blood, live <3 days before leaving blood
. 12-20 um
. Distributed through blood stream to all tissues of body
. W/in tissues differentiate into macrophages, myeloid-derived dendritic cells, and osteoclasts
. Kidney-shaped nucleus w/. 2-3 nucleoli
. Small azurophilic granules w/ defensins
. Well developed golgi
Platelets characteristics
. 300,000/uL
. 2-5 um in diameter
. Live for 10 days
. Originate from bone marrow megakaryocytes
. Formed from proplatelets
. Have granules
. Crucial in blood clot formation and repair of blood vessel walls
Megakaryocytes
Large polyploid cells that enlarge by endomitosis (up to 64N DNA in nucleus)
Proplatelets
Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes that penetrate sinusoidal bone marrow endothelium
Plate granule types and functions
. Alpha (300-500 nm): fibrinogen, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
. Delta dense bodies (250-300 nm): Ca, pyrophosphatase, ADP/ATP, serotonin (stimulates vascular smooth muscles contraction), histamine
. Lambda (175-200 nm): lysosomes
. Glycogen
Red marrow
Color is produced by blood and blood-forming cells
Yellow marrow
. Abundant fat
. Inc. w/ age
. Convert back to red marrow in pathological conditions
Function of adipocytes in marrow?
Regulate hemopoietic stem cells function
T/F infants have both types of marrow
F, only have red marrow
T/F bone marrow primary site of hemopoiesis, differentiation/ maturation of lymphocytes completed in lymphoid organs/tissues
T
Sites of hemopoiesis in fetus
. Liver and spleen and marrow
Where is bone marrow located?
. Medullary cavity of long bones and in cavities of cancellous bones
Red marrow structure
. CT stroma of reticular cells/fibers
. Sinusoidal capillaries
. Cords of blood-forming cells
Hemopoietic stem cells (HSC)
. Found in blood islands of embryo’s sac at 2 weeks of development
. Progenitors of both hematopoietic and endothelial cells
When does hemopoiesis occur in liver in fetus?
2nd trimester
When does bone marrow become primary site of hemopoiesis?
. 7th month of fetal development
HSC gives rise to ____
Colony-forming units (CFU) w/ restricted potentials
CFU potentials
. Granulocyte-monocyte lineage of CFU-granulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM)
. Erythroid lineage of CFU-erythrocytes (CFU-E)
. Thrombocytic lineage of CFU-megakaryocytes (CFU-Meg)
. Lymphoid lineage o CFU-lymphocytes (CFU-L)
hemopoietic growth factor characteristics
. Control cellular proliferation and maturation
. Produced in bone marrow by stroma cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, developing lymphocytes, and macrophages
. Produced outside bone marrow
Hemopoietic growth factor types
. Colony stimulating factor (CSF): granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF)
. Erythropoietin (EPO): all erythroid progenitors cells
. Thrombopoietin: megakaryoblasts and their progenitors
. interleukins: all granulocyte/megakaryocyte GF (IL-3), basophils/mast cells GF (IL-4), eosinophils/B lymphocytes GF (IL-5)
Erythrocytic Stages of development from blast to mature cell
. Proerythroblast . Basophilic erythroblast . Polychromatophilic erythroblast . Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast) . Reticulocyte . Mature RBC
Proerythroblast
. 15-20 um
. Large cell w/ open-faced and prominent nucleoli
Basophilic erythroblast
. 12-16 um
. Cytoplasm strongly basophilic
. Nucleus condenses, no nucleoli
. Basophilia of cytoplasm is due to large # of polyribosomes producing Hb
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
. 10-12 um
. Nucleus is smaller w more compact heterochromatin
. Cytoplasm blue-grey or mottled (pink/blue)
. Staining reflects dec. in number. Of polyribosomes and inc. in amt. of Hb
. LAST STAGE CAPABLE OF MITOSIS
Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)
. 8-10 um
. Small, pyknotic nucleus
. Cytoplasm acidophilic (same color as mature RBC)
. Nucleus will be extruded
Reticulocyte
. Slightly larger than mature RBC
. Contains small number of polyribosomes that are visible if stained w/ special dye
. Found in circulation
. Inc. numbers indication of pathological condition
During granulocyte development ____
. Nucleus becomes lobulated/indented
. Cell vol. dec.
. Cytoplasm becomes filled w/ granules specific to cell type
Stages of granulocyte development
. Myeloblast . Promyelocyte . Myelocyte . Metamyelocyte . Mature granulocyte
Myeloblast
. 10-13 um
. Open-faces nucleus, prominent nucleoli, agranular, basophilic cytoplasm
Promyelocyte
. 15-20 um
. Nucleus round/oval, prominent nucleoli
. Basophilic cytoplasm w/ presence of azurophilic granules
Myelocyte
. 12-18 um
. Divergence into 3 specific granulocyte types occurs at this stage
. Neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic myelocyte
. Specific granules inc. in quantity and occupy most of cytoplasm
. Nucleus condenses (round)
. Last stage capable of mitosis
Metamyelocytes
. 12-15 um
. Nucleus becomes indented to horseshoe/kidney shape
. Specific granules dominate
. Differentiated as neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic metamyelocytes
. Late metamyelocyte w/ nucleus in form of indented rod (band cell)
Band cells
. Immediate precursors of 3 forms of mature granulocytes
. 1-3% enter circulation
. Significant inc. in circulation indicates rise in cell proliferation
Platelet development
- Megakaryoblasts undergo endomitosis (many DNA replications w/o division)
- Results in megakaryocyte ( 35-150 um big cell w/ polyploid nucleus)
- Proplatelets formed as cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes that penetrate sinusoidal bone marrow endothelium
- Platelets come from proplatelets
Leukemia
Malignancies from abnormal proliferation of leukocytes w/in bone marrow that are released into peripheral blood
Chronic leukemia
. Neoplastic proliferation of mature leukocytes
. Acute in adults over 40
. Can transform into more aggressive acute forms
Acute leukemia
Neoplastic proliferation of immature leukocytes (blast cells)
