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Histology > Cell Structure Overview > Flashcards

Cell Structure Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is eukaryotic cell composed of?

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm made of?

A

cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix) and organelles

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3
Q

What is in nucleus?

A

genetic info of cell

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4
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

dynamic, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

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5
Q

plasmalemma

A

external membrane of cell

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6
Q

glycocalyx

A

on external surface, layer of carb chains that are components of plasma membrane glycoproteins & glycolipids

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7
Q

glycocalyx appearance in TEM

A

fuzzy region on cell surface

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8
Q

glycocalyx functions

A

cell recognition & adhesion

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9
Q

T/F glycocalyx can be found in intracellular structures

A

F

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10
Q

intracellular membrane

A

surrounds nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

plasma membrane appearance under TEM

A

trilaminar structure with two electron-dense layers separated by a lighter layer.

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12
Q

The total thickness of the plasmamembrane

A

5-10 nm

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13
Q

modified fluid mosaic model

A

structure of plasma membrane as a two-dimensional lipid fluid with associated proteins.

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14
Q

where can membrane proteins move?

A

w/in plane of membrane

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15
Q

integral proteins and how are they visualized

A

directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer, Freeze fracture

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16
Q

peripheral proteins

A

weaker association with membrane

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17
Q

vesicular transport

A

only type of transport typically observed under a microscope

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18
Q

How are vesicles form?

A

from plasma membrane budding

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19
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular transport of substances that enter the cell

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20
Q

pinocytosis

A

(‘cell drinking’) nonspecific ingestion of fluids via small vesicles (<150 nm).

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21
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific transport facilitated by binding extracellular molecules to their receptors concentrated cell surface

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22
Q

what happens once molecules bind to their receptors in receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

region becomescoated pit w/ clathrin molecules aggregating on cytoplasmic aspect plasma membrane, coated pit invaginates & forms coated vesicle

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23
Q

what does vesicle do once formed in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

pinches off from cell membrane, vesicles lose clathrin coat & fuse w early endosomes

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24
Q

early endosomes

A

vesicles observed in the vesicles in cytoplasm near the cell surface

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25
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or foreign materials.

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26
Q

most common phagocytic cells

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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27
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicular transport in which substances leave the cell where cell membrane stays intact

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28
Q

exocytosis steps

A

vesicle generated in cell fuses w/ plasma membrane & releases its contents into extracellular space

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29
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appearance in EM

A

3-dimensional network of intercommunicating channels and sacs that are formed by a continuous plasma membrane.

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30
Q

cisternae

A

spaces enclosed by ER often described as a system of flattened sacs

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31
Q

ribosome function

A

facilitate protein synthesis

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32
Q

what is RER continuous with?

A

outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

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33
Q

RER functions

A

. Synthesis of secretory proteins
. Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes
. Synthesis of integral plasma membrane proteins
. Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins

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34
Q

where is RER prominent?

A

cells specialized in protein export (antibody secreting plasma cells) & cells w/ large amounts of plasma membrane (e.g. neurons).

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35
Q

polysome

A

Multiple free ribosomes attached to a molecule of mRNA

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36
Q

free ribosomes synthesize proteins targeted to ____

A

nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or proteins that remain in the cytosol

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37
Q

what causes cytoplasmic basophilia?

A

Large amounts of free ribosomes and polysomes

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38
Q

Nissl bodies

A

In neurons large basophilic structures comprised of both RER and free ribosomes

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39
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) cisternae characteristics

A

tubular

40
Q

SER appearance in EM

A

system of channels

41
Q

SER functions

A

Lipid and lipoprotein synthesis (steroid-secreting cells)
. Plasma membrane formation and recycling
. Detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs & alcohol (hepatocytes)
. Carb metabolism (conversion of glycogen to glucose in hepatocytes)
5) stores and releases Ca ions

42
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SER in muscle cells

43
Q

golgi apparatus appearance in EM

A

system of flattened sacs and cisternae, sometimes see small vesicles from intracellular transport associated w/ it

44
Q

golgi functions

A

. post-translational modifications (glycosylation, sulfation, phosphorylation)
. sorting and packaging of proteins

45
Q

cis/convex face in golgi

A

cisternae located closest to RER represent the forming side

46
Q

trans/concave face in golgi

A

opposite side of the Golgi complex is the maturing side

47
Q

medial golgi

A

cisternae located between the forming and maturing faces

48
Q

vesicle movement with golgi

A

. vesicles budding from RER deliver newly synthesized proteins to cis- Golgi for further processing
. proteins travel in budding transporting vesicles w/in Golgi network in direction of trans-Golgi

49
Q

negative golgi

A

in H&E preparations it appears as a clear area close to the nucleus

50
Q

where is golgi well developed?

A

secretory cells

51
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound spherical bodies, filled with hydrolytic enzymes active in the low pH (4.5-5.0)

52
Q

lysosome function

A

principal sites of intracellular digestion and are particularly prominent in phagocytic cells

53
Q

what is unique about lysosome membrane?

A

most of its proteins are highly glycosylated & are resistant to hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes.

54
Q

where are lysosomal proteins synthesized and processed?

A

synthesized in the RER and modified in the Golgi

55
Q

types of lysosomal digestion

A

micropinocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy, & digestion of phagocytosed material

56
Q

micropinocytosis

A

. Digestion of microdroplets of fluids/ small particles attached to plasma membrane.
. Particles are transported via endosomal compartment & fuse w/ lysosomes for final degradation

57
Q

lysosomal endocytosis digestion

A

endocytosed particles transported via endosomal compartment and fuse with lysosomes for degradation

58
Q

phagosome

A

phagocytic cells that have digested extracellular particles

59
Q

phagolysosome and what else is it called?

A

phagosome fuses with the lysosome (also known as a secondary lysosome)

60
Q

autophagy

A

digestion of intracellular particles (proteins/organelles) which become enclosed by ER membranes and then fuse with lysosomes

61
Q

where do contents of lysosomes go after digestion?

A

contents diffuse into the cytosol

62
Q

residual bodies

A

Indigestible compounds retained in the cytoplasm

63
Q

lipofuscin

A

age pigment, accumulated residual bodies observed in LM

64
Q

mitochondria function

A

. transform chemical energy of metabolites present in cytoplasm into high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP molecules
. detecting cellular stress & initiation of apoptosis

65
Q

when do mitochondria increase in number?

A

divisions during the interphase

66
Q

where do mitochondria localize?

A

metabolically active areas of the cell

67
Q

structure of mitochondrion

A

outer membrane, inner membrane w/ cristae, matrix inside inner membrane

68
Q

what does cristae look like in steroid metabolic cells?

A

tubular

69
Q

intermembrane space

A

space between mitochondrial membranes

70
Q

what is mitochondrial outer membrane permeable to?

A

small metabolites and ions

71
Q

T/F inner membrane space similar environment as cytosol

A

T

72
Q

mitochondrial inner membrane protein functions

A

. oxidation reactions of respiratory ETC
. synthesis of ATP
. regulation of metabolite transport into & out of mitochondrial matrix

73
Q

what is in mitochondrial matrix

A

enzymes of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation

74
Q

how many proteins encoded in mitochondrial DNA?

A

13 proteins (subunits of protein complexes involved in ETC & oxidative phosphorylation

75
Q

cardiolipin

A

ound only in the membrane of mitochondria. Several enzymes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane need cardiolipin to function

76
Q

what occurs when autoimmune diseases build antibodies against cardiolipin?

A

severe cardiovascular and neurological symptoms (lupus and erythematosus)

77
Q

peroxisomes characteristics

A

. Spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane

. Self-replicating organelles w/ some precursor vesicles originating from the ER

78
Q

peroxisome function

A

. Produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which they employ for oxidative purposes
. Contain catalase (~40% of the peroxisomal protein) to destroy the excess of H2O2

79
Q

what does H2O2 breakdown?

A

. fatty acids (β oxidation)

. toxins and prescription drugs, (detoxification of about half of consumed alcohol within the liver)

80
Q

proxisomal disorder consequences

A

CNS malformations, myelin abnormalities, and neuronal degeneration, liver dysfunction & skeletal abnormalities.

81
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

. non-living elements of the cell
. Metabolic or endocytic products
. Membrane-bound (golgi products/endocytosis) or not membrane-bound

82
Q

what are cytoplasmic inclusions made up of?

A

. storage products (e.g. glycogen, lipids)
. pigments (e.g. melanin, hemosiderin – breakdown product of hemoglobin)
. crystals

83
Q

what percent of cellular membrane is in intracellular organelles?

A

95%

84
Q

loss of ER function disorders

A

cystic fibrosis & COPD

85
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

Lack of export of mutated Cl channel to the cell surface in lungs

86
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Lack of secretion into the blood of mutated α1-antitrypsin by the liver

87
Q

ER gain of function disorders

A

hepatic fibrosis and huntington’s

88
Q

hepatic fibrosis

A

Accumulation of mutated α1-antitrypsin in the liver

89
Q

huntington’s disease

A

excessive poly-glutamine sequence in huntingtin

90
Q

what in golgi defines destination to organelles?

A

signal sequences

91
Q

secretory lysosomes

A

Osteoclast, Melanocytes, NK & cytotoxic T cells

92
Q

primary lysosomes

A

vesicle with enzymes but no material

93
Q

secondary lysosomes

A

bound with something inside of lysosome

94
Q

lysosomal storage diseases (LSD)

A

. Defective enzyme causes progressive accumulation of
partially degraded product
. 2/3 of LSDs affect nervous system

95
Q

How many mitochondrial diseases are there and what are the most affected organs?

A

~50, brain and heart

96
Q

What organelle is in charge of 80% of phospholipids of myelin in the brain?

A

Peroxisome

Histology (22 decks)

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