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Histology > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A

.CT characterized by cells embedded in highly specialized ECM
. Found at sites requiring firm but flexible support

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2
Q

Adult distribution of cartilage in body

A

. Movable joints
. Immovable joints
. Support of structures
. Vertebral column

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3
Q

Cartilage role in skeletal development

A

Model for the development of the majority of bones and provides mechanism by which bones grow in length

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4
Q

T/F cartilage is avascular w/ no nerves

A

T

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5
Q

Composition of cartilage ECM

A 
. Collagen type II (40% dry weight)
. Aggrecan
. Hyaluronic acid polymers bind to proteoglycans noncovalently via link proteins (bundles bind to II collagen fibrils)
. Chondronectin
. Water (60-80% fresh hyaline weight)
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6
Q

Aggrecan

A

250 kD proteoglycan with side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate

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7
Q

Chondronectin

A

Structural glycoprotein with multiple binding sites

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8
Q

Mechanical properties (compressible and resilient) are cartilage are due to ___

A

. Presence of fibers
. Amt of anionic charge (amt of sulfate glycosaminoglycans attached to core protein)
. Amount of hydration

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9
Q

Chondroblast

A

Proliferating undifferentiated cell that begins to synthesize ECM elements

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10
Q

Chondrocyte

A

. Fully differentiated ECM-forming cells w/ reduced mitotic activity
. Embedded in ECM

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11
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces of ECM occupied by chondrocytes

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12
Q

isogenous units (groups)

A

Groups of chondrocytes derived from same cell

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13
Q

Perichondrium

A

. CT surrounding cartilage
. Outer fibrous layer (fibroblasts, collagen II)
. Inner cellular layer (undifferentiated condrogenic precursors and chondroblasts

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14
Q

Perichondrium function

A

. Supporting tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
. Inner cells participate in repair and appositional growth of cartilage

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15
Q

Cartilage formation steps

A

. Differentiation of mesenchymal cells
. Cartilage-specific collagen types, elastin, and aggrecan synthesis
. Mature matrix formation
. Accumulation of ECM (territorial and inter territorial matrix)

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16
Q

What occurs in mature matrix formation

A

. Bound water facilitates diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to cells of cartilage and confers gel-like property to the matrix

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17
Q

Mechanisms of cartilage growth

A

. Appositional: growth by cell addition to the periphery of the tissue
. interstitial: growth by division of cells w/in tissue (formation of isogenous groups)

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18
Q

Cartilage repair

A

. Limited ability to repair after injury
. Formation of repair cartilage from perichondrium (matrix of repair cartilage mixed properties of hyaline and fibrocartilage)

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

. Type II collagen
. Most common, highly hydrated matrix
. Temporary skeleton during embryonic development
. Forms epiphyseal plates until majority bone growth is done

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20
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Type II collagen and elastin

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21
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Type I and II collagen

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22
Q

Articulate cartilage

A

. Covers articulating bones in synovial joints

. Hyaline

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23
Q

Articulate cartilage deep lesion

A

. Bone region reached, local bleeding can occur spontaneously repairing lesion but turning cartilage from hyaline to fibrocartilage of scar tissue

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24
Q

What occurs in arthritis

A

. cartilage ECM is degraded

. Articulate surface is lost

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25
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells

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26
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor derived from osteoblasts

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27
Q

Bone

A

. rigid CT w/ limited flexibility

. ECM has Ca and P

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28
Q

T/F Bone is avascular

A

F, it is highly vascular

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29
Q

Bone features

A

. Metabolically active
. Ca and P reservoir (99% Ca in body)
. undergoes remodeling (turnover)

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30
Q

How is bone formation and remodeling controlled?

A

Local paracrine regulators (bone morphogenic proteins and fibroblast growth factor) and hormones in bloodstream (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, estrogen), diet and muscle activity

31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

. Bone forming cells
. Produce osteoid
. Control bone matrix mineralization
. Located on bone surfaces (endosteum and periosteum)

32
Q

Osteoid

A 
Collagen 1 (90% osteoid)
Proteoglycans
33
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Stimulated by vitamin D, required for bone mineralization

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone

A

. Activates synthesis of factors in osteoclasts differentiation (macrophage colony-stimulating factor M-CSF, and RANKL

35
Q

Osteocytes

A

. Mature bone cells (osteoblasts trapped in Matrix)
. Inactive (has PTH receptors for osteolysis of perilaunar bone)
. No cell division
. Detect mechanical stress on bone
>maintain bone matrix

36
Q

Osteoclasts

A

. Bone resorbing cells
. Multinucleted giant cells derived from monocytes
. Located at bone resorption sites
. PTH stimulates them when released from low Ca blood levels
. Calcitonin receptors dec. activity to dec. Ca blood levels
. HaveRANK receptors for RANKL

37
Q

Osteoblast origin

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

38
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to what cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and myoblasts

39
Q

Osteoclasts origin

A

. Mononueclear hemopoietic progenitor cells
.differentiation stimulated by factors produced by osteoblasts
. Osteoclasts undergo apoptotic death when bone resorption is completed

40
Q

Bone matrix

A

. Organic matter (35-50% dry weight) embedded in calcified inorganic matrix (50-65% weight)
. Type I collagen, proteoglycans, bone proteins
. Ca hydroxyapatite (major inorganic), Mg, K, Na, Na2CO4, and citrate

41
Q

What are the bone specific proteins?

A

Osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin

42
Q

What does Ca hydroxyapatite do?

A

. Association w/ collagen makes bone hard and resistant

. Makes bone Ca reservoir

43
Q

How does mineralization of bone matrix occur?

A

. Osteoblasts synthesize organic parts and control mineralization
. Vit. D3 regulates levels of osteocalcin that binds to hydroxyapatite

44
Q

Ectopic mineralization

A

. Formation of hydroxyapatite in osteoid-like ECM outside of bone
. Occur in muscle pathologies (myositis ossificans)

45
Q

Bone resorption

A

. Carbonic anhydride II in osteoclasts produces carbonic acid
. H ions from acid transported via ruffled border to ECM between osteoclasts and bone
. Acid causes bone decalcification and Ca enters blood stream
. Degradation of organic matrix components via hydrolytic enzymes

46
Q

Matrix metalloproteinases

A

Hydrolytic proteins that degrade organic matrix components in bone resorption

47
Q

What regulates osteoclasts activity?

A

Calcitonin, Vit. D3, regulatory molecules made by osteoblasts

48
Q

T/F Maturation of osteoclasts doesn’t always occur in contact with bone

A

F, it always needs contact of bone

49
Q

Woven bone

A

. Primary bone tissue
. Immature, initially formed tissue
. Irregular arrangement of type I fibers

50
Q

Laminar bone

A

. Mature bone tissue

. Regularly arranged types I fibers forming lamellar

51
Q

Cortical bone

A

. Compact
. 80% total bone mass
. Made up of osteons (Haversian systems) surrounding Haversian canal

52
Q

Osteon

A

Parallel bony columns with concentric bony lamellae

53
Q

Haversian canal

A

Central canal containing blood vessels, lymph, and nerves

54
Q

Cancellous/trabecular bone bone

A

. Spongy bone
. Interconnected trabeculae (honeycomb)
. Forms interior of bones, end of long bones adjacent to bone marrow cavity
. Prominent in vertebrae, carpal, and hip bones

55
Q

Woven bone remodeling to lamellar bone

A

. Osteoclasts remove bone matrix and osteoblasts lay down lamellae of bone gradually forming osteons

56
Q

How are osteons oriented?

A

In the line of stress exerted on bone

. Parallel to longitudinal axis in long bone

57
Q

How do osteocytes communicate??

A

. Cell extensions in canaliculi (small channels)

. No cellular communication between adjacent osteons

58
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

. Canals for vascular connections that anastomose w/ vessels in bone marrow and periosteum

59
Q

Internal remodeling of bone

A

. Osteon undergoes cyclic remodeling from central canal outward (centrifugal direction) followed by lamellar formation (centripetal direction
. Central canal never closes

60
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Remnants of previous lamellae

61
Q

How are inner and outer surfaces of compact bone organized?

A

Inner and outer circumferential lamellae

62
Q

Regional anatomy of long bone

A

. Epiphysis: end of long bone w/ epiphyseal growth plate
. Metaphysis: neck of bone
. Diaphysis: shaft of long bone w/ compact bone

63
Q

Flat bones of skull

A

. 2 layers compact bone plates separated by diploe

64
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone layer in flat bones of skull

65
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines internal surface of bone adjacent to marrow cavity

66
Q

Ostegenesis imperfecta

A

Mutations in collagen gene resulting in abnormal collagen production resulting in weak bones

67
Q

Osteoporosis

A

. Inc. bone resorption w/o reformation

68
Q

Primary osteoporosis

A

. Post-menopausal low estrogen levels
. Type I early postmenopausal: loss of trabeculae bone
. Type II postmenopausal: loss fo trabecular and cortical bone

69
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

. From disease or medication
. 50% men that have osteoporosis is from this
. Caused by chronic corticosteroid use

70
Q

Osteomalacia

A

. Progressive softening and bending of bones

. Defect in mineralization of osteoid from lack of Vit. D or renal tubular dysfunction

71
Q

Rickets (juvenile osteomalacia)

A

Defect in mineralization of cartilage in growth plate

72
Q

Tetracycline

A

. Antibiotic that can stain teeth

. Binds to Ca in teeth (don’t use when pregnant)

73
Q

Periosteum

A

. Inner cellular (osteogenic) layer and outer fibrous layer
. Forms bone during circumferential growth of diaphysis
. Highly vascularized and contains sensory nerves

Histology (22 decks)

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