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Histology > GI Overview, Esophagus, and Stomach > Flashcards

GI Overview, Esophagus, and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Principal layers in GI tract

A

. Mucosa
. Submucosa
. Muscularis externa
. Adventitia/serosa

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2
Q

Mucosa

A

. Formed by epithelial lining, underlying lamina propria and musculari mucosae

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3
Q

Epithelial lining functions

A

. Formation of selective permeable barrier btw contents of GI tract and tissues in body
. Facilitation is transport/digestion of food
. Promotion of digestion and absorption of food
. Production of hormones
. Protection of epithelial lining by mucous production

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4
Q

Lamina propria

A

. Loose CT w/ blood and lymph vessels

. Lymphoid tissue in diffuse and modular form

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5
Q

Gut-assoc.-lymphoid-tissue

A

. GALT

. Provides immunological barrier protecting against invasion of microbial pathogens

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6
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

. Smooth muscle
. Inner circular and outer longitudinal
. Permits movement of mucosa independent of other movements in GI tract

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

. Dense CT
. Blood and lymph vessels, glands, and lymphoid tissue
. Contains scatter parasympathetic ganglia (submucosal/Meissner’s nerve plexus) as part of enteric system

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8
Q

Muscularis externa

A

. layers of smooth muscle (inner, outer, stomach has added oblique)
. Parasympathetic nerve cells form ganglia of myenteric (Auerbach’s) nerve plexus located btw inner and outer layers of smooth muscle
. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) form network located btw neurons of myenteric plexus that serves as gastroenteric pacemaker system
. ICCs essential in maintenance of motility of GI tract

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9
Q

Adventitia/serosa of GI tract

A

. Outer layer of loose CT
. Adventitia if organ is surrounded by CT and there is no clear outer demarcation
. Where gut lies w/in abdominal cavity the outer CT layer is covered by mesothelium and outer CT layer is called serosa

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10
Q

Esophagus

A

Long (25 cm), straight. Muscular tube that transmits food from oropharynx to the stomach

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11
Q

Esophagus mucosa

A

. SSNK epithelium (can be keratinized if abrasion)
. Lamina propria: loose CT, contains esophageal cardiac glands in proximal and distal ends of esophagus
. Muscularis mucosae: longitudinally arranged smooth muscle, not present in upper portion of esophagus

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12
Q

Esophagus submucosa

A

. Dense irregular CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers

. Esophageal proper glands (compound tubuloalveolar mucus glands) scattered throughout length of esophagus

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13
Q

Esophagus muscularis externa

A

. Upper 1/3 contains only skeletal muscle continuous w/ skeletal muscles of pharynx
. Middles 1/3: smooth muscles internal to skeletal muscle
. Distal 1/3: only smooth muscle
. Auerbach myenteric plexus btw outer and inner muscle layers along whole esophagus

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14
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

. Specialized zone of circular smooth muscle surrounding esophagus and it’s transit through diaphragm and short course in abdomen

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15
Q

Esophagus adventitia

A

Loose CT

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16
Q

GERD

A

. Incompetent barrier at gastroesophageal junction
. Inflammation of esophagus and damage to epithelial lining lead to erosion of esophageal mucosa
. Can lead to metaplasia if untreated (SSNK to simple columnar)

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17
Q

Stomach

A

. Mixed endocrine-exocrine organ stores and digests food and secretes hormones
. Food acidified and transformed into chyme
. Protein digestion is initiated w/ enzyme pepsin
. Triglyceride digestion initiated by lipase
. Regions: cardia, fundus and body, and the pylorus
. Mucosa and. Submucosa of empty stomach lie in longitudinally directed folds called rugae (disappear when stomach distendeD)

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18
Q

Cardia stomach

A

. 1.5-3 cm wide transition zone btw esophagus an stomach

. Glands primarily produce mucus

19
Q

Stomach fundus and body

A

. Histologically identical

. Gastric glands release acidic gastric juice

20
Q

Pylorus

A

. Funnel-shaped region that opens into small intestine

. Glands primarily produce mucus

21
Q

Stomach epithelium

A

. Simple columnar surface mucous cells
. Secrete alkaline mucus forming protective coat on the epithelial surface
. Mucus protects surface of stomach from acids and enzymes produced by the stomach
. Adds in lubrication
. Turnover rate for surface epithelium is high
. Epithelium invaginates at regular intervals into lamina propria forming gastric pits

22
Q

Gastric pits

A

. Lead into tubular glands that project into the lamina propria
. 1-7 glands open into the bottom of each gastric pit

23
Q

stomach Lamina propria

A

. Loose CT, contains lymph tissue and blood vessel

. Gastric glands here

24
Q

Stomach muscularis mucosae

A

. Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

25
Q

Cardiac glands

A

. Shortest and least numerous

26
Q

Gastric glands

A

. In stomach, largest and most numerous in body and fundus

27
Q

T/F Pyloric glands resemble cardiac glands

A

T

28
Q

Isthmus of the gland

A

. Upper portion of gland at junction of gastric pit and gland

29
Q

Neck of the gland

A

. Below isthmus

30
Q

Base of the gland in stomach

A

. Lower portion of gland

31
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells in stomach

A

. Inside isthmus and neck regions
. Low columnar w/ nasally located oval nucleus
. Highly proliferation and are source of new surface mucous cels and all other cells of gland

32
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

. Shorter than surface mucous cells
. Round nucleus and apical secretory granules
. Include progenitor and immature surface mucous cells
. Mucus produced is more soluble than mucous from surface mucous cells

33
Q

Parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

. Numerous in neck and upper segment of glands
. Large spherical cells w/ extremely eosinophilic cytoplasm and centrally located nucleus
. Produce hydrochloric acid absorption of B12
.

34
Q

Chief (peptic/zymogenic) cells

A

. Found in lower third of glands
. Cytoplasm is strongly basophilic granular
. Nucleus basally located
. Produce pepsinogen and lipase

35
Q

Pepsinogen converted to ____ upon release into acid

A

Pepsin

36
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in stomach

A

. Base of glands
. Contain granules in basal area of cytoplasm w/ serotonin, gastrin, and somatostatin
. Part of neuroendocrine system

37
Q

Stomach submucosa

A

. Dense CT

. Blood and lymph vessels, lymphoid cells including mast cells and macrophages

38
Q

Stomach Muscularis externa

A

. Smooth muscle layers oriented in 3 directions
. Inner oblique, middle circular (enlarges to form pyloric sphincter), and outer longitudinal layer
. Strong contractions of muscle wall create churning action that mechanically breaks down ingested matter

39
Q

Stomach serosa

A

. Loose CT covered by mesothelium

40
Q

Cardiac region morphological appearance

A 
. Simple or branched tubular glands 
. Coiled w/ large lumens
. Depth of pit to depth of the gland ratio (1:2-1:3)
. Most cells produce mucus and lysozyme 
. Some parietal cells may be present
41
Q

Body/fundus morphological differences

A

. Mucosa has glands that produce acid-pepsin gastric juices and some mucus
. 3 7-branched gastric glands open into each pit
. Pits shallow in comparison to depth of gastric glands
. Pit: gland ratio is 1:4

42
Q

Pyloric morphological appearance

A

. Glands simple or branched tubular, often coiled
. Secrete mucus, lysozyme, and gastrin
. Pit:gland ratio is 1:1
. Longer pits than cardia

43
Q

H pylori

A

Present in chronic duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers

Histology (22 decks)

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