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a&p2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name at least four functions of the kidneys other than forming urine

A

Filter blood plasma and excrete toxic metabolic waste;
regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output;
regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance;
secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates production of RBCs;
help regulate calclium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in systhesis of calcitriol;
clear hormones and drugs from blood;
detoxify free radicals;
support blood glucose level by synthesizing glucose from amino acids during tiems of extreme starvation

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2
Q

List four nitrogenous wastes and their metabolic sources

A

Ammonia (formed from -NH2 removed from amino acids), Urea(converted from ammonia by liver), Uric acid (produced by catabolism of nucleic acids), and Creatinine(created by catabolism of creatine phosphate)

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3
Q

Name some wastes eliminated by three systems other than the urinary system

A

carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, lipids, cholesterol, etc

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4
Q

What is a nephron?

A

a functional unit of the kidney

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5
Q

What affects the filtration coefficient?

A

surface area available for filtration and permeability of the filtration membrane

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6
Q

Starting at a renal papilla, what structures will urine flow through?

A

1: minor calyx,
2: Major calyx,
3: renal pelvis,
4: ureter

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7
Q

Name the capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole

A

glomerulus

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8
Q

What is the inner layer of the kidneys?

A

Medulla

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9
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidneys?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form what?

A

glomerular filtrate

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11
Q

What is the role of juxtaglomerular cells in renal autoregulation?

A

Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin

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12
Q

What is the role of mesangial cells in renal autoregulation

A

dilate/constrict glomerular cpillaries

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13
Q

What is the role of macula densa in renal autoregulatioN

A

Monitor tubular fluid

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14
Q

What is the name of the tube that the renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into?

A

ureter

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15
Q

Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop?

A

Chloride, potassium ions, sodium ions

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16
Q

From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissues surrounding the kidney

A

1: Fibrous capsule,
2: Perirenal fat capsule
3: Renal fascia

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17
Q

Urine is conveyed out of the body by which tube?

A

urethra

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18
Q

In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?

A

from the tubular fluid into the blood

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19
Q

The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called what?

A

renal medulla

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20
Q

Describe mesangial cells

A

Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

Describe juxtaglomerular cells

A

Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole

22
Q

Describe Macula densa cells

A

Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop

23
Q

Which arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries?

A

efferent

24
Q

Place in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration

A

1: Fenestrated endothelium,
2: Basement membrane
3: Filtration slit

25
Q

Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone

A

Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, collecting duct

26
Q

What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called?

A

Excretion

27
Q

What is the process of moving the blood plasma from glomerulus to the glomerular capsule, where it becomes the filtrate?

A

Filtration

28
Q

Which plasma protein is converted by renin to angiotensin I?

A

angiotensinogen

29
Q

Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion?

A

urea, ammonia, bile acids

30
Q

Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in ordr

A

1: Renal artery
2: Segmental artery
3: Interlober artery
4: Arcuate artery
5: Cortical radiate artery

31
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?

A

By regulating water output

32
Q

Nephrons classified as what have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface?

A

cortical nephrons

33
Q

What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?

A

nephron

34
Q

Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which process?

A

Tubular secretion

35
Q

The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called what?

A

trigone

36
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

37
Q

Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

A

Renal tubule

38
Q

What can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane?

A

water, electrolytes, and glucose

39
Q

What are the three segments of the male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra, spongy urethra, membranous urethra

40
Q

What is the name of the horomone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate production of RBCs?

A

erythropoietin

41
Q

What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient?

A

it allows the production of very concentrated urine

42
Q

What are the specialzed water channels through which water is reabsorbed?

A

aquaporins

43
Q

Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide, and antidiuretic hormone

44
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

45
Q

Renal clearance is the net effect of what three things?

A

Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and glomerular filtration

46
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account what two pressures of the capsular fluid and capillary blood?

A

hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

47
Q

Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone?

A

Collectin Duct, Ascending limb of nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule

48
Q

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A

the reabsorption of water and salts

49
Q

The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is what?

A

sodium

50
Q

Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

A

nephron loop

a&p2 (13 decks)

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