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A&P2 > Saladin Final Exam Study > Flashcards

Saladin Final Exam Study Flashcards

1
Q

_______ anemia is caused by a defective gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin:

a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Aplastic Anemia
c. Pernicous anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia

A

d. sickle cell anemia

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2
Q

Which of the following has the function of defending against parasites?

a. Erythrocyte
b. Basophil
c. Neutrophil
d. Lymphocyte
e. Eosinophil

A

e. Eosinophil

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3
Q

Blood clotting is dependent upon:

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin K
e. Vitamin C

A

d. Vitamin K

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4
Q

Which of the following is involved in blood clotting?

a. Erythrocyte
b. Basophil
c. Neutrophil
d. Thrombocyte
e. Eosinophil

A

d. Thrombocyte

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5
Q

What is an excessive production of erythrocytes?

a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Polycythemia
c. Pernicous anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia

A

b. Polycythemia

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6
Q

What type of anemia is caused by destruction of blood forming elements in bone marrow?

a. Hemorrhagic anemia
b. Aplastic anemia
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Sickle cell anemia

A

b. Aplastic anemia

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7
Q

True or false:

Anemia is the inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues.

A

True

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8
Q

What is the disease caused by Rh incompatibility?

a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
c. Iron deficiency anemia
d. Leukemia
e. Leukocytosis

A

b. Erythroblastosis Fetalis

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9
Q

Blood without the clotting factors and formed elements is known as:

a. Albumin
b. Serum
c. Plasma
d. Globulin

A

b. Serum

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10
Q

In the ABO blood typing system, this is the “universal donor”

a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type AB
d. Type O

A

d. Type O

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11
Q

Which of the following is a blood clotting protein?

a. Albumin
b. Fibrin
c. Immunoglobulin
d. Collagen

A

b. Fibrin

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12
Q

A foreign substance that can cause the body to produce an antibody:

a. Antigen
b. Immunoglobulin
c. Albumin
d. Collagen

A

a. Antigen

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13
Q

The formation or production of blood cells is known as:

a. Anemia
b. Hematopoiesis
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Hypoglycemia

A

b. Hematopoiesis

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14
Q

The three important plasma proteins are _____, _____, and _____.

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

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15
Q

The two types of connective tissue that make blood cells are _____ and _____.

A

Myeloid and Lymphatic

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16
Q

The red pigment in red blood cells that carry oxygen is called _____.

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

These white blood cells are the most numerous of the phagocytes: ______.

A

Neutrophils

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18
Q

These white blood cells produce antibodies to fight microbes: _________.

A

B-lymphocytes, B-cells

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19
Q

Thrombin converts the inactive plasma protein _______ into a fibrous gel called ________.

A

Fibrinogen, fibrin

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20
Q

A _________ is an unneeded clot that stays in the place where it was found.

A

Thrombus

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21
Q

If part of a blood clot is dislodged and circulates through the bloodstream, it is called an ___________.

A

Embolus

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22
Q

A person with type AB blood has _________ and ___________ antigens on teh blood cells and _______ antibodies in the plasma.

A

A and B antigens, no antibodies

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23
Q

A person with type B blood has ______antigens on the blood cells and __________ antibodies in the plasma.

A

B antigens, Anti-A antibodies

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24
Q

A condition called ________ _________ can develop if an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus.

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

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25
Q

_____ are thicker chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called discharging chambers

A

Ventricles

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26
Q

The _______ are thinner chambers of the heart, which are sometimes called the receiving chambers of the heart.

A

Atria

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27
Q

The ventricles of the heart are separated into right and left sides by the _______.

A

Interventricular septum

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28
Q

The heart valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is called the ______ valve.

A

Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV)

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29
Q

The term ________ refers to the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

A

stroke volume

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30
Q

The _____ is the pacemaker of the heart and causes the contraction of the atria.

A

Sinoatrial

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31
Q

The _______ are extensions of the atrioventricular fibers and cause the contraction of the ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibers

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32
Q

The ECG tracing that occurs when the ventricles depolarize is called the ______.

A

QRS complex

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33
Q

The ECG tracing that occurs when the atria depolarize is called the ________

A

P Wave

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34
Q

The _______ are the microscopic blood vessels in which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues.

A

Capillaries

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35
Q

The innermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ______ _________

A

Tunica Intima

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36
Q

The outermost layer of tissue in an artery is called the ______.

A

Tunica adventitia

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37
Q

Systemic circulation involves moving of blood throughout the body; _____ involves moving blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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38
Q

The two structures in the developing fetus that allow most of the blood to bypass the lungs are the ______ and the ______.

A

Foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosis.

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39
Q

The strength of the heart contraction and blood vlumes are two factors that influence blood pressure are ______ and ____.

A

Blood viscosity and heart rate

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40
Q

Describe the following list of parts in order of where blood would flow from start to finish through the heart:

left atrium, tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve), right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve

A
  1. Right atrium - receives blood from the great veins
  2. Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) - through to
  3. Right ventricle - Sends it to the
  4. Pulmonary semilunar valve - into the
  5. Pulmonary vein - blood returns to the heart oxygenated into the
  6. Left atrium
  7. Mitral valve (left AV valve) through to
  8. Left ventricle - mitral valve closes upon muscle contraction
  9. Aortic semilunar valve - opens and allows blood to flow out into the aorta
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41
Q

The most muscular chamber of the heart:

a. Right atrium
b. Right ventricle
c. Left atrium
d. Left ventricle

A

d. Left ventricle

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42
Q

The “wall” separating the two ventricles

a. Atrioventricular septum
b. Ineratrial septum
c. Interventricular septum
d. None of these

A

c. Interventricular septum

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the electrical conductance system of the heart?

a. Sinoatrial node
b. Bundle of His
c. Purkinje fibers
d. Sentinel node
e. Atrioventricular node

A

d. Sentinal node

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44
Q

A major artery in the small intestine:

a. Superior mesentric
b. Internal carotid
c. Renal
d. Radial
e. Brachial

A

a. Superior mesenteric

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45
Q

During exercise, the greatest change in blood flow occurs in:

a. The brain
b. Skeletal muscle
c. the skin
d. the kidneys
e. cardiac muscle

A

b. skeletal muscle

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46
Q

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle:

a. Tricuspid valve
b. Pulmonic valve
c. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. Aortic valve

A

a. Tricuspid valve

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47
Q

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle:

a. Tricuspid valve
b. Pulmonic valve
c. Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. Aortic valve

A

a. Tricuspid valve

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48
Q

True or false:

Polycythemia may increase blood viscosity (thickness) due to an increase in red blood cells and that may put a person at risk for a stroke or myocardial infarction

A

true

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49
Q

_____ function as exchange vessels for substances such as glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

a. arteries
b. capillaries
c. veins

A

b. Capillaries

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50
Q

The pulmonary veins carry:

a. oxygenated blood
b. deoxygenated blood

A

a. oxygenated blood

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51
Q

True or false:

The brachiocephalic artery supplying the right side of the body corresponds to the aorta that supplies the left side of the body.

A

true

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52
Q

In the fetus, this structure “shunts” blood from the right atrium to the left atrium allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs:

a. Aorta
b. Ductus arteriosus
c. Foramen ovale
d. Foramen rotundum

A

c. foramen ovale

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53
Q

The celiac artery supplies the:

a. brain
b. face
c. thigh
d. armpit
e. stomach

A

e. stomach

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54
Q

Contraction of the heart:

a. diastole
b. systole
c. palpitation
d. murmur

A

b. systole

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55
Q

The largest artery in the body:

a. Brachiocephalic trunk
b. pulmonary artery
c. Common carotid artery
d. Aorta
e. Subclavian artery

A

d. Aorta

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56
Q

Which of the following is NOT a valve in the heart?

a. brachiocephalic valve
b. pulmonic valve
c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. aortic valve

A

a. brachiocephalic valve

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57
Q

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle:

a. tricuspid vavle
b. pulmonic valve
c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
d. aortic valve

A

c. mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

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58
Q

True or false:

Angina pectoris is another name for myocardial infarction

A

false

angina pectoris, or stable angina, is generally chest pains and typically occurs in patients with prior existing heart disease. it occurs when the heart muscle is not getting as much blood as it needs

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59
Q

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of:

a. active natural immunity
b. passive natural immunity
c. active artifical immunity
d. passive artificial immunity

A

a. active natural immunity

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60
Q

The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual’s immune system is an example of:

a. active natural immunity
b. passive natural immunity
c. active artificial immunity
d. passive artificial immunity

A

d. passive artificial immunity

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61
Q

The main cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are called_______.

A

T-cells, or T-lymphocytes

62
Q

The main cells involved in humoral immunity are the _______ cells.

A

B-cells, or B lympohocytes

63
Q

______ cells develop in teh thymus gland.

A

T-cells, or T lymphocytes

64
Q

Some of the _____ cells can develop into memory cells.

A

B-cells, or B lymphocytes

65
Q

lymph from about three-fourths of the body drains into the ______ _______

A

Thoracic Duct.

66
Q

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the ______ _________ ______

A

Right lymphatic duct

67
Q

The enlarged, pouch-like structure is in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the __________ _________.

A

Cisterna Chili

68
Q

The many lymph vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ______ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the _______ vessel.

A

afferent vessels, efferent vessels

69
Q

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ________. It also produces the hormone _____.

A

T lymphocytes (T-cells), Thymosin

70
Q

The three pairs of tonsils are the ______ tonsils, the ______ tonsils, and the _____ tonsils.

A

Pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine, and lingual

71
Q

________ kills invading cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

A

Compliment fixation

72
Q

Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

A

Monocytes

73
Q

______ cells produce antibodies

A

B-cells

74
Q

Lymphatic vessels in teh walls of the small intestine:

a. Veins
b. Lacteals
c. Thoracic duct
d. both a and b
e. None of the above

A

b. lacteals

75
Q

Injection of a vaccine (such as polo vaccine):

a. Natural active immunity
b. natural passive immunity
c. artifical active immunity
d. artificial passive immunity

A

c. artificial active immunity

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary cell of the immune system?

a. neutrophil
b. erythrocyte
c. monocyte
d. T-lymphocyte
e. macrophage

A

b. erythrocyte

77
Q

The spleen is:

a. Highly vascularized
b. Poorly vascularized

A

a. highly vascularized

78
Q

Phagocytosis of bacteria is a form of:

a. Specific immunity
b. non specific immunity

A

b. non specific immunity

79
Q

Involution is a process by which an organ is replaced with connective tissue and fat. This is typical in the:

a. Spleen
b. Thymus
c. Thyroid
d. Tonsils
e. Stomach

A

b. thymus

80
Q

Lymph flow in the body:

a. moves only toward the heart
b. Moves only away from the heart
c. moves both toward and away from the heart

A

a. moves only toward the heart

81
Q

Protection received by an infant from the mother’s breast milk:

a. Natural active immunity
b. Natural passive immunity
c. Artificial active immunity
d. Artificial passive immunity

A

b. natural passive immunity

82
Q

A life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system:

a. hives
b. anaphylactic shock
c. tonsillitus
d. appendicitis
e. allergy

A

b. anaphylactic shock

83
Q

The lining of the lymphatic vessels allows for movement of materials into and out of the vessels. The epithelium is:

a. columnar
b. stratified squamous
c. cuboidal
d. simple squamous
e. transitional

A

d. simple squamous

84
Q

All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT:

a. They are proteins produced by plasma cells
b. They are also called imunoglobulins
c. They are involved in humoral immunity
d. They are produced in the pituitary gland

A

d. Are produced by the pituitary gland

85
Q

Inflammation is an example of:

a. Innate immunity
b. Specific immunity

A

a. innate immunity

86
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?

a. defense
b. white blood cell production
c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)
d. filtration of lymph

A

c. erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)

RBC formation takes place in bone marrow

87
Q

This organ is located in the mediastinum (a space between the lungs), is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes and atrophies or gets smaller as we age

a. spleen
b. thyroid
c. pituitary
d. thymus
e. tonsils

A

d. thymus

88
Q

The skin and mucosa serve a role in:

a. specific immunity
b. nonspecific immunity

A

b. nonspecific immunity

89
Q

When an individual is exposed to a microorganism (for example, the mumps virus) and then develops resistance to future exposures is:

a. natural active immunity
b. natural passive immunity
c. artificial active immunity
d. artificial passive immunity

A

a. natural active immunity

90
Q

The upper respiratory tract consists of the _____, the _____, and the _______.

A

pharynx, larynx, and nose

91
Q

The lower respiratory tract consists of the _____, the _____, and the _____.

A

Trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree

92
Q

The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cvities make up the _______.

A

Sinuses

93
Q

The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify air.

A

conchal

94
Q

The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the ______, _____, ________, and the _______.

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveolar ductus

95
Q

A _______ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli

A

surfactant

96
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue is called ________ ________.

A

internal respiration

97
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ___ _____

A

external respiration

98
Q

_______ ____________ are the receptors that inhibit the inspiratory center that keeps the lungs from over-expanding

A

stretch receptors

99
Q

_______ are the receptors that modify respiratory rates by responding to the amount of carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acid levels in the blood.

A

chemoreceptors

100
Q

The volume included in total lung capacity but not vital capacity is ________ volume

A

residual

101
Q

Exchange of gases in the respiratory system is:

a. a passive process (diffusion)
b. an active process

A

a. an active process (diffusion)

102
Q

“Breathing” is another name for:

a. pulmonary ventilation
b. cellular respiration

A

a. pulmonary ventilation

103
Q

The structure that connects the middle ear and nasopharynx:

a. fallopian tube
b. bronchus
c. vestibular tube
d. eustachian tube
e. none of the above

A

d. eustachian tube

104
Q

All of the following are respiratory organs EXCEPT:

a. nose
b. esophagus
c. trachea
d. larynx
e. bronchi

A

b. esophagus

105
Q

Normal inspiration is:

a. an active process
b. a passive process

A

a. an active process

106
Q

The function of surfactant is

a. to lubricate the bronchi
b. to humidify the air we breathe
c. to decrease the surface tension in the lungs so that they can expand
d. to increase the surface tension in the lungs to keep them from collapsing

A

c. to decrease the surface tension in teh lungs so that they can expand

107
Q

The greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration:

a. Tidal volume
b. vital capacity
c. reserve volume
d. dead space

A

b. Vital capacity

108
Q

All of the following are true of pleura EXCEPT:

a. it covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage
b. it is a thin moist membrane
c. it is divided into a visceral and parietal pleura
d. it is a mucosa
e. inflammation of the pleura is called pleurisy

A

d. it is a mucosa

109
Q

The thyroid cartilage is part of the :

a. pharynx
b. trachea
c. larynx
d. esophagus
e. none of the above

A

c. larynx

110
Q

The amount of air we breathe in and out with a normal breath is referred to as:

a. residual volume
b. tidal volume
c. essential volume
d. reserve volume

A

b. tidal volume

111
Q

The pharynx is divided into three regions. Which one of the following is located most superiorly?

a. oropharynx
b. nasopharynx
c. laryngopharynx

A

b. nasopharynx

112
Q

The vocal cords are part of the:

a. pharynx
b. trachea
c. larynx
d. esophagus
e. none of the above

A

c. larynx

113
Q

The major muscle of respiration:

a. diaphragm
b. anterior scalene
c. sternocleidomastoid
d. rectus abdominus
e. none of the above

A

a. diaphragm

114
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm causing it to contract?

a. vagus
b. phrenic
c. radial
d. pulmonary
e. trochlear

A

b. phrenic nerve

115
Q

Which is not an organ of the digestive system?

a. stomach
b. spleen
c. pancreas
d. duodenum
e. colon

A

b. spleen

116
Q

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that aid in teh digestion of:

a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. fats
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

117
Q

Vitamin K is:

a. water soluble
b. fat soluble

A

b. fat soluble

118
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin may lead to night blindness:

a. Vitamin K
b. Vitamin E
c. Vitamin B
d. Vitamin A
e. Vitamin C

A

d. Vitamin A

119
Q

The number of calories that must be produced to keep the body alive, awake, and comfortably warm:

a. Accelerated metabolic rate
b. Catabolic rate
c. Basal metabolic rate
d. Anabolic rate

A

c. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

120
Q

Which organ has both exocrine and endocrine function?

a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen

A

c. pancreas

121
Q

A deficiency of this vitamin could lead to skeletal deformities:

a. Vitamin K
b. Vitamin E
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin A
e. Vitamin C

A

c. Vitamin D

122
Q

The resulting symptoms of a hiatal hernia are referred to as:

a. appendicitis
b. gastritis
c. gastroesophageal reflux disease
d. enteritis

A

c. gastroesophageal reflux disease

123
Q

What gland secretes sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidity of the gastric juice that enters the intestines?

a. Gall bladder
b. Liver
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen

A

c. pancreas

124
Q

True or False:

The hard palate is more anterior than the soft palate in the mouth.

A

True

125
Q

Which of the following is the most distal part of the small intestine?

a. duodenum
b. jejeunum
c. ileum
d. colon

A

c. ileum

126
Q

The mumps involves which one of the following glands?

a. parotid
b. palatine
c. submandibular
d. sublingual

A

a. parotid

127
Q

Which one of the following is the “preferred” source of energy for the body?

a. fats
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins

A

b. carbohydrates

128
Q

The breaking down of larger food particles into smaller molecules:

a. anabolism
b. catabolism

A

b. catabolism

129
Q

Name the four layers of the intestinal wall from inside out.

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, serosa

130
Q

The _______ and _____ prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity above the mouth when food is swallowed.

A

uvula, and soft pallate

131
Q

The three main parts of a tooth are _____, ________, and ______.

A

Crown, root, and neck

132
Q

The three divisions of the stomach are the _____, _____, and ___.

A

Fundus, body, and pylorus

133
Q

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the ______ from the liver and the _______ from the gallbladder.

A

common hepatic duct, cystic duct

134
Q

The part of the large intestine between the ascending and descending colon is the ________ colon.

A

transverse colon

135
Q

The part of the large intestine between the descending and the rectum is called the _____ colon.

A

sigmoid colon

136
Q

The two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum are the ________ and the _____.

A

Mesentery, and the greater omentum

137
Q

_______ is the effect bile has on fat droplets.

A

emulsification

138
Q

________ is made in both the salivary gland and the pancreas and digests starch

A

Amylase

139
Q

The _______ enzyme is made in the stomach in an inactive form and digests protein.

A

Pepsin - secreted as pepsinogen in order to not break down the cells.

140
Q

The hormone ____ stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.

A

Cholecystokinin

141
Q

The enzyme ______ is made in the small intestine and digests protein.

A

pepsidase

142
Q

The ______ is the duct that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

A

cystic duct

143
Q

The enzyme is made as an inactive form int he pancreas and digests protein.

A

Trypsin

144
Q

This enzyme is made in the pancreas and digests fat

A

Lipase

145
Q

The process of ______ occurs when food molecules enter the cells and undergo chemical changes

A

assimilation

146
Q

_______ is the term used to describe all the chemical processes that release energy from food.

A

catabolism

147
Q

______ is the term used to describe all the chemical processes that build food molecules into larger compounds

A

anabolism

148
Q

The B vitamins are _____ soluble, whereas vitamins K and E are ______ soluble

A

water soluble, fat soluble

149
Q

The __________ is the total amount of energy used by the body per day

A

Total metabolic rate

150
Q

To lose weight, your total caloric intake must be less than your ______.

A

Total metabolic rate.

A&P2 (13 decks)

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