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A&P2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone:

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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2
Q

The three types of interactive effects hormones can have:

A

Permissive,
Synergistic,
Antagonistic

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3
Q

Excessive hormone release:

A

hypersecretion

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4
Q

Hormone that stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of ovarian follicles

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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5
Q

Hormones classified as steroid hormones:

A

Testosterone,

Cortisol

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6
Q

Hormones exert their action only on cells with specific ______ that hormones bind to.

A

Receptors

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7
Q

A potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the release of fatty acids into the blood:

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Insulin,
Follicle stimulating hormone,
Oxytocin

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9
Q

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone:

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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10
Q

What is a hormone receptor?

A

A specific protein or glycoprotein embedded in the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Which area of the brain monitors conditions within and outside of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A

Estradiol,
Progesterone,
Inhibin

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13
Q

Which hormone(s) are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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14
Q

What is the elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland?

A

pancreas

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15
Q

Why is it difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood?

A

they are hydrophobic

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16
Q

Which are monoamines?

A

Norepinephrine,

Dopamine,

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17
Q

What type of glands are gonads considered to be when they secrete eggs and sperm?

A

exocrine

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18
Q

What condition is a disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction of insulin?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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19
Q

What are the early symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

A

“The three polys”,
polyuria (excessive urine output),
polydipsia (intense thirst),
and polyphagia (ravenous hunger)

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20
Q

Through which structures can cell-to-cell communications be accomplished?

A

Hormones, Paracrines, gap junctions, and neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Layers of adrenal gland, from superficial to deep:

A

Connective tissue capsule, Adrenal Cortex (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, zona reticularis), adrenal medulla

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22
Q

The study of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

A

Endocrinology

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23
Q

What would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic?

A

glycosuria and ketonuria

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24
Q

Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls which of the following?

A

transcription

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25
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland

26
Q

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the _______, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription

27
Q

List the steps of a second-messenger system:

A

1: Hormone receptor binding activates G-protein
2: G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
3: Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
4: cAMP activates protein kinases

28
Q

Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what?

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

29
Q

Name the four pituitary cell types and the hormones that they produce:

A

Somatotropes (produce growth hormone),
lactotropes (produce prolactin),
Corticotropes (produce adrenocorticotropic hormone),
Gonadotropes (produce follicle stimulating hormone)

30
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain _______ and excrete _________.

A

Sodium; potassium

31
Q

Which glands secrete their product into interstitial fluid or blood?

32
Q

What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system?

A

hormones are released into the interstitial fluids while neruotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

33
Q

What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome, in order?

A

1: Alarm reaction,
2: Stage of resistance,
3: Stage of exhaustion

34
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the development and general health of the male reproductive tract?

A

testosterone

35
Q

The pineal gland synthesizes which hormone?

36
Q

Which adrenal cortical hormones have various developmental and reproductive functions?

A

sex steroids

37
Q

Glucocorticoids are associated with what?

A

glucose metabolism

38
Q

In the ovary, the corpus luteum produces which hormone?

A

progesterone

39
Q

Which are hyperglycemic hormones

A

cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon

40
Q

What are the sacs that compose the thyroid gland called, and what are they filled with?

A

follicles; protein-rich colloid

41
Q

Which hormones are produced by the liver?

A

insulin-like growth factor,
erythropoietin,
hepcidin

42
Q

Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?

A

pineal gland

43
Q

Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?

A

aldosterone

44
Q

To get from an endocrine gland to its target cell, a hormone must travel through what?

45
Q

The kidneys secrete which two hormones?

A

calcitriol and erythropoietin

46
Q

The gland that secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lympatic organs and regulate the development and activity of T cells is the

47
Q

immunity is depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone ______.

48
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A

fuel the sex drive,
develop the male reproductive system,
and to develop the male physique

49
Q

The hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity, and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels is _______.

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin is a

A

Pancreatic islet

51
Q

What are the target cells of insulin?

A

Liver, Adipose, and Skeletal muscle

52
Q

In addition to the ovary, what organ secretes progesterone and estrogen?

53
Q

What is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone?

A

to increase blood glucose levels

54
Q

What is the function of a hypoglycemic hormone?

A

to lower blood glucose levels, like insulin

55
Q

Where is the protein angiotensinogen, the precursor protein of the active hormone angiotensin II, produced?

56
Q

What are the two structures that make up the pituitary gland called?

A

Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) and adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

57
Q

What are the two hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin (OT) and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

58
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

join single-unit smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, epithelial, and other cells to each other. enable cells to pass nutrients, electrolytes, and signaling molecules directly from cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of next through pores in their plasma membrane

59
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

released by neurons,

diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on sfc of next cell

60
Q

paracrines

A

secreted by one cell and diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue. “local hormones”

61
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers transported by the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, usually a considerable distance away

62
Q

exocrine vs endocrine glands

A

exocrine have associated ducts and typically excrete products onto epithelial surface such as skin. endocrine release secretions into bloodstream

A&P2 (13 decks)

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