Heart

Question 1

What structures are considered to be part of the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 1

SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

Question 2

What layer lines the inner chamber of the heart?

Answer 2

Endocardium

Question 3

The blunt inferior point tip of the heart is known as what?

Answer 3

Apex

Question 4

What are the three layers of the heart wall, from deep to superficial?

Answer 4

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Question 5

What is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute called?

Answer 5

Cardiac output

Question 6

What is the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction of the heart?

Answer 6

stroke volume

Question 7

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 7

heart, blood vessels

Question 8

What is a recording of all nodal and myocardial action potentials in the heart?

Answer 8

ECG

Question 9

Which side of the heart supplies blood to the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 9

Right

Question 10

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 10

they are inversely proportional

Question 11

Starting with the superior and inferior venae cavae, list the chambers of the heart in the order which the blood would flow

Answer 11

1: Right atrium
2: Right ventricle
3: Left atrium
4: Left ventricle

Question 12

The inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood to the arteries are called what?

Answer 12

ventricles

Question 13

What is the study of the heart and its disorders called?

Answer 13

cardiology

Question 14

what circuit carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the left atrium of the heart?

Answer 14

pulmonary

Question 15

Starting with the return of blood to the heart, place the major phases of the cardiac cycle in order

Answer 15

1: Ventricular filling
2: Isovolumetric contraction
3: Ventricular ejection
4: Isovolumetric Relaxation

Question 16

What is the normal heart rate set by the SA node referred to as?

Answer 16

sinus rhythm

Question 17

the heartbeat is coordinated by what?

Answer 17

cardiac conduction system

Question 18

What chemicals can cause increased heart rate?

Answer 18

caffeine, nicotine, thyroid hormone

Question 19

What term refers to the relaxation of the heart?

Answer 19

diastole

Question 20

What carries action potentials throughout the ventricular myocardium to excite the ventricles?

Answer 20

purkinje fibers

Question 21

Which part of the cardiac conduction system acts as the pacemaker?

Answer 21

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 22

List the events of an action potential in a ventricular cardiocyte in order

Answer 22

1: Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
2: Influx of Na+ causes more Na+ channels to open; depolarization
3: Na+ channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30mV
4: Ca2+ enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau
5: Ca2+ channels close, K+ channels open; repolarization

Question 23

What are short, thick, branched muscle cells of the heart?

Answer 23

cardiocytes

Question 24

What term refers to the contraction of the heart?

Answer 24

systole

Question 25

Which circuit pumps blood from the left side of the heart to the body tissue?

Answer 25

systemic circuit

Question 26

The smaller blood vessels on the outside of the heart are what?

Answer 26

inferior vena cava

Question 27

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 27

1: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles;
2: Provides structural support for the heart;
3: Anchors the cardiocytes and give them something to pull against

Question 28

What branch of the left coronary artery travels down the front of the heart to the apex of the heart?

Answer 28

anterior interventricular

Question 29

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the anterior side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is what?

Answer 29

The great cardiac vein

Question 30

Another name for the epicardium is what?

Answer 30

visceral pericardium

Question 31

A sphygmomanometer is used to measure what?

Answer 31

blood pressure

Question 32

What is used to measure blood pressure?

Answer 32

sphygmomanometer

Question 33

What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?

Answer 33

autorhythmic

Question 34

Which arterial branch usually arises from the right coronary artery and supplies the back wall of the heart, both left and right ventricles?

Answer 34

posterior interventricular branch

Question 35

Which groove extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart?

Answer 35

posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 36

When the ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, which valves are open?

Answer 36

atrioventricular valves

Question 37

Which valves open when the ventricles contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 37

semilunar valves

Question 38

Which valves regulate the openings between the atria and ventricles?

Answer 38

atrioventricular

Question 39

One specific cause of arrhythmia is a failure of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals, called what?

Answer 39

heart block

Question 40

Closing the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves produces which heart sound?

Answer 40

second

Question 41

The mitral valve is also known as what?

Answer 41

left AV valve

Question 42

excitation in the cardiac conduction system leaves the AV node by way of what? also known as the bundle of His

Answer 42

AV Bundle

Question 43

Cardiac muscle relies on what process to produce ATP?

Answer 43

Aerobic respiration

Question 44

The QRS wave of an ECG represents what of the ventricular myocardium?

Answer 44

depolarization

Question 45

During which wave of an ECG does the atria depolarize?

Answer 45

P wave

Question 46

During which wave do ventricles repolarize on an ECG?

Answer 46

T wave