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A&P2 > Saladin Ch24: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Saladin Ch24: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the largest quantities of water found in the body?

A

ICF (intracellular fluid)

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2
Q

What is water loss through respiring (breathe) and cutaneous transpiration? How much water is lost through this each day?

A

Insensible water loss; 700mL/day

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3
Q

What is the dominant cation that creates both an osmotic and electrical gradient, and influences water and Cl- homeostasis?

A

sodium

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4
Q

What is the cation that is in high concentration in the ICF and imbalances are the most dangerous of electrolytes

A

Potassium

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5
Q

What involves rehydration of blood to inhibit thirst long-term?

A

blood osmolarity

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6
Q

What has the most powerful influence over the pH balance of the ICF because of concentrations in cells?

A

protein buffers

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7
Q

What works with the respiratory system to expel carbon dioxide and the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?

A

bicarbonate buffer system

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8
Q

What type of water loss results from sweat, urine formation, fecal moisture, breath and cutaneous transpiration, and how much water is lost through this?

A

obligatory water loss, 400mL /day

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9
Q

This physiological buffer system works the fastest, but limited by quantity

A

Respiratory system

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10
Q

This physiological buffer system buffers the largest quantity, but is limited by time

A

urinary system

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11
Q

Passive anion strongly attracted to sodium and potassium, most abundant anion in teh ECF

A

chloride ions

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12
Q

Condition that lowers blood volume and blood pressure and leads to an increase in blood osmolarity

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

condition of excess fluid sequestration, usually in interstitial spaces

A

Edema

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14
Q

The “salt retaining hormone” that causes increased sodium and decreased potassium to be reabsorbed

A

aldosterone

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15
Q

Major cation that influences muscle contractions, second messenger systems, exocytosis, and blood clotting

A

calcium

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16
Q

Anion compounds found concentrated in the ICF; components of nucleic acids plasma membrane, and ATP

A

phosphates

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17
Q

Compounds placed in water will ionize freely and release H+ in solution

A

acids

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18
Q

Compounds placed in water will ionize freely and release OH- or take up excess H+

A

Bases

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19
Q

Water ingested as food and drink

A

preformed water

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20
Q

Water formed as a by-product of aerobic respiration metabolism and dehydration synthesis reactions

A

metabolic water

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21
Q

The digestive tract is made up of

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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22
Q

The accessory digestive organs include

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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23
Q

Ingestion takes place when

A

materials enter the oral cavity. An active process involving conscious choice and decision making

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24
Q

The crushing and shearing that makes materials easier to propel along the digestive tract. Increases surface area to make more susceptible to enzymes

A

mechanical processing

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25
Q

Digestion refers to

A

the chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments

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26
Q

Secretion refers to

A

the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salt by teh epithelium of the digestive tract and glandular organs

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27
Q

Absorption refers to

A

The movement of molecules across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract

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28
Q

excretion refers to

A

removal of wates from the body

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29
Q

The digestive epithelium and its secretions provide a ____ defense against bacteria

A

nonspecific

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30
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity contains the ___ cavity

A

peritoneal

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31
Q

A swelling of the abdomen caused by an increase in peritoneal fluids is

A

ascites

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32
Q

Mesenteries serve to….

A

Provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissues and also stabilize the position of the attached organs

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33
Q

After embryonic development, the ventral mesentery becomes the

A

lesser omentum - between stomach and liver

falciform ligament - between liver and anterior abdominal wall

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34
Q

The lesser omentum functions by

A

stabilizing the stomach and provides an acces route for vessels leaving the liver

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35
Q

The falciform ligament functions by

A

Stabilizing the liver relative to the diaphragm and abdominal wall

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36
Q

Peritonitis is

A

An inflammation of the peritoneal membrane. Can be caused by rupture of the appendix

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37
Q

The greater omentum hangs like an ______ from the ______ and ______ borders of the stomach

A

Apron, lateral, inferior

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38
Q

” Beer belly” is an accumulation of fat in the

A

Greater omentum

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39
Q

All but the first 25 cm of the small intestine is suspended by the

A

Mesentery proper

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40
Q

The pancreas and duodenum are ______ because they lie posterior to the peritoneal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

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41
Q

The mesocolon is associated with

A

A portion of the large intestine

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42
Q

During normal development the mesocolon fuses which structures to the posterior body wall?

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum making them retroperitoneal

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43
Q

The four layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial are

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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44
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secreting hormones that coordinate the activities of the digestive tract and accessory glands

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45
Q

The mucosal epithelium is either

A

Simple or stratified

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46
Q

A simple columnar epithelium is located where

A

Absorption occurs

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47
Q

Blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, secretory cells of mucous glands, and smooth muscle cells are located in the

A

Lamina propria

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48
Q

The network of intrinsic nerve fibers and scattered neurons make up the

A

Submucosal plexus

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49
Q

The enteric nervous system is primarily innervated by the

A

Parasympathetic division of the ANS

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50
Q

The serosa is absent in the

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum. Replaces by the adventitia

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51
Q

The muscular layers of the digestive tract consist of _______ muscle tissue

A

Visceral smooth

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52
Q

Pacesetter cells are located in the

A

Muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa.

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53
Q

Segmentation is the

A

Churning and fragmenting of the bolus that mixes the contents with intestinal secretions

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54
Q

The superior surface of the tongue and the opposing surface of the hard palate are covered by a

A

Layer of keratinized cells to protect against abrasion

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55
Q

The mucosa inferior to the tongue is thin enough and vascular to permit

A

Rapid absorption of lipid soluble drugs such as Nitroglycerin

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56
Q

The lingual papilllae is located on the

A

Dorsum of the body of the tongue

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57
Q

Ducts from two pairs of salivary glands open on either side of the

A

Lingual Frenulum

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58
Q

Ankyloglossia is

A

An overly restrictive lingual frenulum that prevents normal eating or speach

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59
Q

Lingual lipase functions by

A

Beginning lipid digestion in the mouth and continuing in the stomach (Specifically triglycerides)

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60
Q

The large extrinsic tongue muscles perform

A

All gross movements of the tongue

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61
Q

The smaller intrinsic tongue muscles function by

A

Changing the shape of the tongue and assisting in precise movements such as speech

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62
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are under the control of the _____ cranial nerves.

A

Hypoglossal

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63
Q

Salivary amylase is secret by the _____ salivary glands

A

Parotid

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64
Q

The _____ salivary glands produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant

A

Sublingual

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65
Q

The _____ salivary glands secrete a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins (mucins) , and salivary amylase.

A

Submandibular. Empties on either side of the lingual frenulum

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66
Q

The salivary glands produce _____ liters of saliva each day

A

1.0-1.5

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67
Q

Buffers in saliva keep the pH of the mouth near

A

7.0

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68
Q

Which antibody does saliva contain?

69
Q

Salivary amylase functions by

A

Beginning the digestion of of complex carbohydrates

70
Q

The receptors stimulated in the salivary reflex are monitored by

A

V, VII, IX, X

71
Q

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix called

A

Dentin (Does not contain cells)

72
Q

Cytoplasmic processes extend into the dentin from the

A

Pulp cavity

73
Q

The pulp cavity receives blood vessels and nerves through the

A

Root canal

74
Q

Blood vessels and nerves enter the root canal through the

A

Apical foramen

75
Q

The dentin of the root is covered by

76
Q

The dentin of the crown is covered by

77
Q

Enamel contains ______ which is the hardest biologically manufactured substance

A

Calcium phosphate in crystalline form

78
Q

Incisors are important for

A

Clipping or cutting. Single root.

79
Q

Cuspids are important for

A

Tearing and slashing. Single root

80
Q

Bicupids are important for

A

Crushing, mashing, and grinding. One or two roots

81
Q

Molars are important for

A

Crushing and grinding. Two or three roots

82
Q

The first teeth to form during development are

A

Deciduous teeth

83
Q

What is the teeth count of children and adults?

A

Children- 20

Adults- 32

84
Q

Occlusal surfaces are

A

Biting surfaces

85
Q

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by

A

A stratified squamous epithelium

86
Q

The pharyngeal constrictor muscles function by

A

Pushing the bolus toward and into the esophagus

87
Q

The palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngess muscles function by

A

Elevating the larynx

88
Q

The palatal muscles function by

A

Elevating the soft palate and adjacent portions of the pharyngeal wall

89
Q

The esophagus begins posterior to the

A

Cricoid cartilage at C6

90
Q

The opening in the diaphragm that accommodates the esophagus is the

A

Esophageal hiatus

91
Q

Swallowing is also known as

A

Deglutition

92
Q

Swallowing information is relayed to the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata by way of the

A

V and IX cranial nerves

93
Q

The esophagus is an unusual portion of the digestive tract because

A

It contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length and has an adventitia rather than a serosa.

94
Q

______ cells of the stomach secrete intrinsic factor

A

Parietal. Needed for absorption of B12 in small intestine

95
Q

The smallest part of the stomach is the

96
Q

The fundus of the stomach is the portion that

A

Is superior to the junction of the esophagus and stomach. Contacts the inferior posterior portion of the diaphragm

97
Q

The body of the stomach is the ______ region and acts as a

A

Largest, mixing tank.

98
Q

The ______ secretes gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric glands.

99
Q

Mucous cells in the stomach are located within

A

Gastric pits

100
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption is crucial for

A

Normal erythropoiesis

101
Q

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

102
Q

Pepsinogen is secreted by

A

Chief cells and converted to pepsin by acid in the gastric lumen

103
Q

Rennin and gastric lipase are secreted in the stomach of infants and are important for

A

Digestion of milk

104
Q

An increase in gherlin levels causes

105
Q

The small intestine is about _______ m in length

106
Q

Which portion of the small intestine curves in a “c” around the pancreas?

A

The duodenum

107
Q

The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine?

A

The jejunum

108
Q

The primary blood vessels of the small intestine are the

A

Superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein

109
Q

Lacteals in the small intestine villi transport materials that

A

Cannot enter blood capillaries. (Absorbed fatty acids)

110
Q

At the bases of villi are entrances to

A

Intestinal glands

111
Q

Duodenal glands secrete a mucus that functions by

A

Protecting the epithelium from acidic chyme and releasing bicarbonate ions that increases the pH of chyme

112
Q

Peyer’s patches of the ileum are lymphoid nodules that protect the

A

Small intestine from bacteria that inhabit the large intestine

113
Q

The duodenal glands provide protection before food arrives by secreting during the ______ phase

114
Q

The gastroenteric and gastroileal relflexes _________ local peristalsis and segmentation

115
Q

The enterogastric reflex _______ local peristalsis and segmentation

A

Slows down

116
Q

The pancreas extends laterally from the

A

Duodenum towards the spleen

117
Q

The ____ of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum as it leaves the pylorus

118
Q

Arterial blood reaches the pancreas from the

A

Splenic, superior mesenteric, and common hepatic arteries

119
Q

The pancreas is primarily an_______ organ

120
Q

The large pancreatic duct delivers digestive enzymes and buffers to the

121
Q

The pancreatic duct meets the ______ from the gallbladder and liver and empties into the duodenal ampulla

A

Common bile duct

122
Q

An example of a compound tubuloalveolar gland is the

123
Q

Pancreatic islets are scattered among the

A

Pancreatic acini

124
Q

The secretion of pancreatic juice is controlled by the

A

Hormones of the duodenum

125
Q

Carbohydrase released by the pancreas is almost identical to

A

Salivary amylase

126
Q

_____ enzymes account for about 70 percent of total pancreatic enzyme production

A

Protelytic

127
Q

The two types of proteolytic enzymes are

A

Proteases- breaks down large proteins

Peptidases- breaks down small peptide chains

128
Q

The largest visceral organ is the

129
Q

The left and right lobes of the liver are marked by the

A

Falciform ligament

130
Q

The round ligament makes the path of the

A

Umbilical vein

131
Q

Afferent blood cells and other structures reach the liver by traveling within the

A

Lesser omentum and converging at the porta hepatitis

132
Q

Nearly one third of the blood supply to the liver is arterial blood from the

A

Hepatic artery proper

133
Q

Circulating levels of nutrients are adjusted through selective absorption and secretion by the

A

Hepatocytes

134
Q

Kuppfer cells function by

A

Engulfing pathogens, cell debris, and damaged RBCs. Also store iron, lipids, and some heavy metals. Located in the liver sinusoids.

135
Q

Each portal area contains which three structures?

A

A branch of the hepatic portal vein
A branch of the hepatic artery proper
A small branch of the bile duct

136
Q

The liver secretes a fluid called

137
Q

What is the path of bile from the liver?

A 
Bile canaliculi
Bile ductules
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Common bile duct (duodenum) or cystic duct (gallbladder)
138
Q

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the

A

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

139
Q

The three categories of liver function are

A

Metabolic regulation
Hematological regulation
Bile production

140
Q

The primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood is the

141
Q

The synthesis of glucose from other compounds is called

A

Gluconeogenesis

142
Q

Most lipids absorbed by the digestive tract bypass the

A

Hepatic portal circulation

143
Q

Ammonia is formed from

A

Deamination in the liver which occurs when breaking down or converting amino acids

144
Q

Which fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

A,D,E,K and B12

145
Q

The largest blood reservoir in the body is the

146
Q

Bile salts break down lipid droplets in a process called

A

Emulsification

147
Q

The gallbladder functions by

A

Storing and concentration bile prior to its excretion into the small intestine

148
Q

CCK is released when chyme enters the duodenum which triggers the release of bile from the_______ and relaxing the ______ sphincter

A

Gallbladder

Hepatopancreatic

149
Q

CCK release increases markedly when there are high levels of _____ in chyme

150
Q

When bile becomes too concentrated in the gallbladder, crystals of insoluble minerals and salts begin to form ______

A

Gallstones

151
Q

The resident bacteria of the large intestine are sources of which vitamins?

A

K, Biotin, and B5

152
Q

The three parts of the large intestine are the

A

Cecum, colon, rectum

153
Q

The appendix connects to the

A

Posteromedial surface of the cecum

154
Q

Haustra are pouches of the colon that act to

A

Expand and elongate

155
Q

Teniae coli are longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

A

Creates the haustra with its muscle tone

156
Q

Omental appendices are

A

Teardrop shaped sacs of fat in the colon

157
Q

The right colic flexure marks the end of the _____ and the beginning of the

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon

158
Q

The left colic flexure marks the beginning of the

A

Descending colon

159
Q

The descending colon becomes the sigmoid colon at the

A

Sigmoid flexure

160
Q

The _____ anal sphincter is not under voluntary control

A

Internal anal sphincter

161
Q

The _____ anal sphincter is under voluntary control

A

External anal sphincter

162
Q

Stool is given its brown/yellow color from the conversion of

A

Urobilins and stercobilins

163
Q

The digestion of complex carbs requires

A

Salivary amylase and pancreatic alpha-amylase.

164
Q

The most important and abundant dietary lipids are

A

Triglycerides

165
Q

Pepsin functions by

A

Breaking peptide bonds within a polypeptide chain (proteins)

166
Q

Dipeptidases function by

A

Breaking short peptide chains into individual amino acids

167
Q

The rate of sodium ion absorption of the digestive tract is increased by

A

Aldosterone

168
Q

What are the nutrients the body requires?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

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