Respiratory System Flashcards
Which are components of the upper respiratory tract?
Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Cavity
What are components of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli
What is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea?
larynx
What is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle?
Inspiration
What is hypoxemic hypoxia
Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
What is ischemic hypoxia
Inadequate circulation of blood
What is Anemic Hypoxia?
Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Metabolic poison prevents tissues form using the oxygen delivered to them
List the airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs
1: Primary bronchus
2: Secondary bronchus
3: Tertiary bronchus
4: Terminal bronchiole
5: Respiratory bronchiole
6: Alveolar duct
What is an acid-base imbalance in which blood pH is lower than 7.35?
Acidosis
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _______ of the lungs?
Alveoli
The nasal septum is composed of what types of tissue?
bone and hyaline cartilage
Summarize the Bohr effect
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissue due to increased acidity
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is what?
expiratory reserve volume
How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?
It is cleansed, humidified, and warmed
What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Increased temperature and increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC
What term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?
Tidal volume
What separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves?
nasal septum
What is oxyhemoglobin?
hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?
alkalosis
What are the roles of the respiratory system?
Supply the body with oxygen; play a role in regulating blood pressure (lungs play critical role in production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor); assist in the removal of carbon dioxide, and functions in vocalization and speech
insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called what?
hypoxia
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
as a bicarbonate
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs?
tertiary bronchus
Which airway supplies air to one of the two lungs?
primary bronchus
What are the hairlike structures on epithelial cells in teh tracheal lumen called?
cilia
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
intercostals and diaphragm
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?
diameter of the bronchioles and lung compliance
What is the pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
intrapleural pressure
In what forms is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
dissolved gas, bicarbonate ion, and carbaminohemoglobin
What is the elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing?
epiglottis
What type of stimulus do the central chemoreceptors detect?
pH of the CSF
What type of stimuli do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of blood
What type of stimuli do stretch receptors detect?
inflation of the lungs
What type of stimuli do irritant receptors detect?
smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
Right, because the right primary is wider and more vertical than the left
Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?
Vocal cords and vocal folds
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is what?
respiratory system
Which muscle or muscle group is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
diaphagm
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of what?
bronchioles
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume is what?
vital capacity
What structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
larynx, trachea, pharynx, and main bronchi
Which lung has three lobes and two fissures?
right
Between the expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume, which has the highest volume?
inspiratory reserve volume (3000mL), followed by RV (1200), and then tidal volume (500 mL)
What two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?
nares and nostrils
What is the enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?
carbonic anhydrase
Describe the respiratory cycle
one complete inspiration and expiration
What is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?
nasopharynx
What are the functions of the larynx?
to keep food and drink out of the airway and to produce sound
Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?
pons and medulla oblongata
What term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
pleural cavity
What is the superior point of the lung called?
apex
What is the inferior point of the lung called?
base
What are the components of a respiratory membrane?
endothelial cell of capillary, Type I (squamous) alveolar cell, and one shared basement membrane
When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as what?
expiration
How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?
three (one for each lobe)
What term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?
pulmonary compliance
What is it called when there is a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia?
cyanosis
What zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow and is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system?
conducting zone
Where does squamous-cell carcinoma originate?
originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
Where does adenocarcinoma originate?
originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria
Where does small-cell carcinoma originate?
originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
What happens to lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?
lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases
What term refers to the exchange of gases that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body’s cells?
systemic gas exchange
In what division does the diffusion of oxygen form the alveoli into the blood occur?
respiratory division
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?
four
What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, in regards to blood pH and PO2 of surrounding tissue?
decreased blood pH and decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area
What term refers to the volume of air remaining in the lungs after total exhalation?
residual volume
What is the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung?
pleurae
What structures enter the lungs at the hilum?
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
