Respiratory System

Question 1

Which are components of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Cavity

Question 2

What are components of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli

Question 3

What is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea?

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

What is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle?

Answer 4

Inspiration

Question 5

What is hypoxemic hypoxia

Answer 5

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

Question 6

What is ischemic hypoxia

Answer 6

Inadequate circulation of blood

Question 7

What is Anemic Hypoxia?

Answer 7

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

Question 8

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

Answer 8

Metabolic poison prevents tissues form using the oxygen delivered to them

Question 9

List the airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs

Answer 9

1: Primary bronchus
2: Secondary bronchus
3: Tertiary bronchus
4: Terminal bronchiole
5: Respiratory bronchiole
6: Alveolar duct

Question 10

What is an acid-base imbalance in which blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Answer 10

Acidosis

Question 11

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _______ of the lungs?

Answer 11

Alveoli

Question 12

The nasal septum is composed of what types of tissue?

Answer 12

bone and hyaline cartilage

Question 13

Summarize the Bohr effect

Answer 13

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissue due to increased acidity

Question 14

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is what?

Answer 14

expiratory reserve volume

Question 15

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?

Answer 15

It is cleansed, humidified, and warmed

Question 16

What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Answer 16

Increased temperature and increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

Question 17

What term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Answer 17

Tidal volume

Question 18

What separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves?

Answer 18

nasal septum

Question 19

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 19

hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it

Question 20

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 20

hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

Question 21

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

Answer 21

hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

Question 22

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

Answer 22

compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

Question 23

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?

Answer 23

alkalosis

Question 24

What are the roles of the respiratory system?

Answer 24

Supply the body with oxygen; play a role in regulating blood pressure (lungs play critical role in production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor); assist in the removal of carbon dioxide, and functions in vocalization and speech

Question 25

insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called what?

Answer 25

hypoxia

Question 26

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 26

as a bicarbonate

Question 27

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs?

Answer 27

tertiary bronchus

Question 28

Which airway supplies air to one of the two lungs?

Answer 28

primary bronchus

Question 29

What are the hairlike structures on epithelial cells in teh tracheal lumen called?

Answer 29

cilia

Question 30

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

Answer 30

intercostals and diaphragm

Question 31

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

Answer 31

diameter of the bronchioles and lung compliance

Question 32

What is the pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

Answer 32

intrapleural pressure

Question 33

In what forms is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 33

dissolved gas, bicarbonate ion, and carbaminohemoglobin

Question 34

What is the elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing?

Answer 34

epiglottis

Question 35

What type of stimulus do the central chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 35

pH of the CSF

Question 36

What type of stimuli do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 36

oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of blood

Question 37

What type of stimuli do stretch receptors detect?

Answer 37

inflation of the lungs

Question 38

What type of stimuli do irritant receptors detect?

Answer 38

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus

Question 39

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

Answer 39

Right, because the right primary is wider and more vertical than the left

Question 40

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

Answer 40

Vocal cords and vocal folds

Question 41

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is what?

Answer 41

respiratory system

Question 42

Which muscle or muscle group is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Answer 42

diaphagm

Question 43

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of what?

Answer 43

bronchioles

Question 44

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume is what?

Answer 44

vital capacity

Question 45

What structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Answer 45

larynx, trachea, pharynx, and main bronchi

Question 46

Which lung has three lobes and two fissures?

Answer 46

right

Question 47

Between the expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume, which has the highest volume?

Answer 47

inspiratory reserve volume (3000mL), followed by RV (1200), and then tidal volume (500 mL)

Question 48

What two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?

Answer 48

nares and nostrils

Question 49

What is the enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?

Answer 49

carbonic anhydrase

Question 50

Describe the respiratory cycle

Answer 50

one complete inspiration and expiration

Question 51

What is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?

Answer 51

nasopharynx

Question 52

What are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 52

to keep food and drink out of the airway and to produce sound

Question 53

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Answer 53

pons and medulla oblongata

Question 54

What term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

Answer 54

pleural cavity

Question 55

What is the superior point of the lung called?

Answer 55

apex

Question 56

What is the inferior point of the lung called?

Answer 56

base

Question 57

What are the components of a respiratory membrane?

Answer 57

endothelial cell of capillary, Type I (squamous) alveolar cell, and one shared basement membrane

Question 58

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as what?

Answer 58

expiration

Question 59

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

Answer 59

three (one for each lobe)

Question 60

What term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Answer 60

pulmonary compliance

Question 61

What is it called when there is a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia?

Answer 61

cyanosis

Question 62

What zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow and is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system?

Answer 62

conducting zone

Question 63

Where does squamous-cell carcinoma originate?

Answer 63

originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Question 64

Where does adenocarcinoma originate?

Answer 64

originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Question 65

Where does small-cell carcinoma originate?

Answer 65

originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Question 66

What happens to lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?

Answer 66

lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases

Question 67

What term refers to the exchange of gases that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Answer 67

systemic gas exchange

Question 68

In what division does the diffusion of oxygen form the alveoli into the blood occur?

Answer 68

respiratory division

Question 69

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

Answer 69

four

Question 70

What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, in regards to blood pH and PO2 of surrounding tissue?

Answer 70

decreased blood pH and decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue

Question 71

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Answer 71

atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area

Question 72

What term refers to the volume of air remaining in the lungs after total exhalation?

Answer 72

residual volume

Question 73

What is the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Answer 73

pleurae

Question 74

What structures enter the lungs at the hilum?

Answer 74

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves