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A&P2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Which are components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, Pharynx, and Nasal Cavity

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2
Q

What are components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea?

A

larynx

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4
Q

What is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle?

A

Inspiration

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5
Q

What is hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

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6
Q

What is ischemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate circulation of blood

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7
Q

What is Anemic Hypoxia?

A

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

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8
Q

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

A

Metabolic poison prevents tissues form using the oxygen delivered to them

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9
Q

List the airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs

A

1: Primary bronchus
2: Secondary bronchus
3: Tertiary bronchus
4: Terminal bronchiole
5: Respiratory bronchiole
6: Alveolar duct

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10
Q

What is an acid-base imbalance in which blood pH is lower than 7.35?

A

Acidosis

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11
Q

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _______ of the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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12
Q

The nasal septum is composed of what types of tissue?

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Summarize the Bohr effect

A

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissue due to increased acidity

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14
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is what?

A

expiratory reserve volume

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15
Q

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?

A

It is cleansed, humidified, and warmed

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16
Q

What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

Increased temperature and increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

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17
Q

What term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

A

Tidal volume

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18
Q

What separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves?

A

nasal septum

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19
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it

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20
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

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21
Q

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

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22
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?

A

alkalosis

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24
Q

What are the roles of the respiratory system?

A

Supply the body with oxygen; play a role in regulating blood pressure (lungs play critical role in production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor); assist in the removal of carbon dioxide, and functions in vocalization and speech

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25
Q

insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called what?

A

hypoxia

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26
Q

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

as a bicarbonate

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27
Q

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs?

A

tertiary bronchus

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28
Q

Which airway supplies air to one of the two lungs?

A

primary bronchus

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29
Q

What are the hairlike structures on epithelial cells in teh tracheal lumen called?

A

cilia

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30
Q

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

A

intercostals and diaphragm

31
Q

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

A

diameter of the bronchioles and lung compliance

32
Q

What is the pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

A

intrapleural pressure

33
Q

In what forms is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

dissolved gas, bicarbonate ion, and carbaminohemoglobin

34
Q

What is the elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing?

A

epiglottis

35
Q

What type of stimulus do the central chemoreceptors detect?

A

pH of the CSF

36
Q

What type of stimuli do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of blood

37
Q

What type of stimuli do stretch receptors detect?

A

inflation of the lungs

38
Q

What type of stimuli do irritant receptors detect?

A

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus

39
Q

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

A

Right, because the right primary is wider and more vertical than the left

40
Q

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

A

Vocal cords and vocal folds

41
Q

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is what?

A

respiratory system

42
Q

Which muscle or muscle group is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

A

diaphagm

43
Q

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of what?

A

bronchioles

44
Q

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume is what?

A

vital capacity

45
Q

What structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

larynx, trachea, pharynx, and main bronchi

46
Q

Which lung has three lobes and two fissures?

A

right

47
Q

Between the expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume, which has the highest volume?

A

inspiratory reserve volume (3000mL), followed by RV (1200), and then tidal volume (500 mL)

48
Q

What two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?

A

nares and nostrils

49
Q

What is the enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions?

A

carbonic anhydrase

50
Q

Describe the respiratory cycle

A

one complete inspiration and expiration

51
Q

What is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?

A

nasopharynx

52
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

to keep food and drink out of the airway and to produce sound

53
Q

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

A

pons and medulla oblongata

54
Q

What term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

A

pleural cavity

55
Q

What is the superior point of the lung called?

A

apex

56
Q

What is the inferior point of the lung called?

A

base

57
Q

What are the components of a respiratory membrane?

A

endothelial cell of capillary, Type I (squamous) alveolar cell, and one shared basement membrane

58
Q

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as what?

A

expiration

59
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

A

three (one for each lobe)

60
Q

What term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

A

pulmonary compliance

61
Q

What is it called when there is a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia?

A

cyanosis

62
Q

What zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow and is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system?

A

conducting zone

63
Q

Where does squamous-cell carcinoma originate?

A

originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

64
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma originate?

A

originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

65
Q

Where does small-cell carcinoma originate?

A

originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

66
Q

What happens to lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure during exhalation?

A

lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases

67
Q

What term refers to the exchange of gases that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body’s cells?

A

systemic gas exchange

68
Q

In what division does the diffusion of oxygen form the alveoli into the blood occur?

A

respiratory division

69
Q

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

A

four

70
Q

What factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, in regards to blood pH and PO2 of surrounding tissue?

A

decreased blood pH and decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue

71
Q

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

A

atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area

72
Q

What term refers to the volume of air remaining in the lungs after total exhalation?

A

residual volume

73
Q

What is the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung?

A

pleurae

74
Q

What structures enter the lungs at the hilum?

A

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A&P2 (13 decks)

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