Circulatory System Flashcards
Which circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes?
Systemic
The force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall.
Blood pressure
The outermost layer of arteries
Tunica externa
Which substances leave the body by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells?
steroid hormones, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
List the three classes of arteries in order from smallest to largest
1: Resisting arteries
2: Distributing arteries
3: Conducting arteries
Where are continuous capillaries most likely found?
Most tissues (e.g. skeletal muscle)
Where are fenestrated capillaries most likely found?
Organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules (e.g. small intestine, kidneys)
Where are sinusoids (type of capillary) most likely found?
Areas where large proteins and cells need to enter or leave the bloodstream (e.g. liver and spleen)
What layers do capillary walls consist of?
endothelium, basal lamina
The purpose of which circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and picking up oxygen?
Pulmonary
List the layers (tunics) of the arteries and veins in order, from innermost to outermost layer.
1: Tunica intima,
2: Tunica media,
3: Tunica adventitia
Which class of artery are large, elastic arteries?
conducting arteries
Which class of artery are medium sized, muscular arteries?
Distributing arteries
Which class of artery are small arteries that are too variable to be given individual name?
Resistance arteries
The narrowest type of blood vessel in the cardiovascular system that engages in fluid exchange with surrounding tissues is called what?
capillary
What is the function of the arterial sense organs?
monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure
What is a capillary bed?
A network of capillaries supplied by a single arteriole or metarteriole.
What directly affects peripheral resistance?
vessel length, vessel radius, and blood viscosity
The ability of a tissue to adjust to its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis is known as what?
autoregulation
What does Anglotensin II do?
Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
What does aldosterone do?
promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressure.
What do Natriuretic peptides do?
Promote Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure
What do antidiuretic hormones do?
Increase blood pressure by promoting water retention; acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentrations
What are the smallest of the veins?
postcapillary venules
Which layer of the vein wall contains smooth muscle?
tunica media
Which layer of the vein wall is composed of connective tissue?
tunica externa
What are the smallest resistance arteries called?
arterioles
Arterioles are the smallest type of which artery?
resistance arteries
List the branches of the aortic arch in order from the most proximal branch to the most distal branch
1: Brachiocephalic trunk
2: Left common carotid
3: Left subclavian
What is the accumulation of excess interstitial (tissue) fluid?
edema
Which pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during ventricular relaxation?
Diastolic pressure
Which hormones influence blood pressure?
Aldosterone, Epinephrine, Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Which of the three primary categories of blood vessels carries blood back to the heart?
Veins
What term refers to the flow of blood back to the heart?
venous return
Summarize the general process of capillary fluid exchange.
Fluid moves out of a capillary bed at the arterial end, exchanges materials with the tissue cells, then reenters the blood at the venous end
What term refers to chronic low resting blood pressure?
Hypotension
List the vessels in order starting with those that have the highest blood pressure to those that have the lowest blood pressure
1: Aorta
2: Systemic artery
3: Capillary
4: Venule
5: Systemic Vein
6: Superior Vena Cava
What is a possible cause of hypovolemic shock?
severe dehydration
What is a possible cause of obstructed venous return shock?
tumor growth
What is a possible cause of neurogenic shock?
Brainstem trauma
What is a possible cause of septic shock?
Bacterial infection
Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure in order to help regulate what?
heart rate, respiration rate
List the arteries of the upper limb in order from the most proximal to the most distal
1: Axillary artery
2: Brachial Artery
3: Radial artery
4: Deep palmar arch
What is an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure?
baroreflex
What is a baroreflex?
an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure
What term refers to a small vessel that empties into a capillary?
arteriole
What term refers to a small vessel that drains a capillary?
venule
