Blood

Question 1

Which plasma protein is the smallest and most abundant?

Answer 1

Albumin

Question 2

What are the three major categories of plasma proteins?

Answer 2

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Question 3

What is the function of albumin?

Answer 3

transport various solutes and buffer pH; contribute to viscosity and osmolarity

Question 4

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 4

Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

Question 5

What are some functions of plasma proteins?

Answer 5

Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones;
clotting;
immune defense

Question 6

What is the protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH?

Answer 6

hemoglobin

Question 7

List the events of platelet plug formation in order

Answer 7

1: contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2: Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3: Platelets stick to each other
4: The pseudopods then contract and draw the vessel walls together
5: This mass of platelets forms a platelet plug

Question 8

Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?

Answer 8

Osmolarity

Question 9

Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages?

Answer 9

monocytes

Question 10

Describe normal erythrocytes

Answer 10

Have biconcave shape;
contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen;
missing nucleus and other organelles

Question 11

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are examples of what?

Answer 11

granulocytes

Question 12

Another term for white blood cells (WBC) is what?

Answer 12

leukocyte

Question 13

What is an abnormally high red blood cell count?

Answer 13

Polycythemia

Question 14

What is it called when total WBC count is above 10,000 WBCs per nanoliter?

Answer 14

Leukocytosis

Question 15

What is it called when total WBC count is below 5,000 WBCs per nanoliter?

Answer 15

Leukopenia

Question 16

What is the cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes?

Answer 16

Leukemia

Question 17

Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?

Answer 17

gamma globulins

Question 18

Plasma transports what?

Answer 18

Nutrients from the digestive system;
Oxygen from the lungs;
nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys

Question 19

Which antigens are expressed on the surface of RBCs in an individual with blood type A+?

Answer 19

Antigen A and Antigen D

Question 20

What is the term for plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed?

Answer 20

serum

Question 21

What are granulocytes that phagocytize bacteria?

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

List the leukocytes, from most abundant to least abundant (in healthy individuals)

Answer 22

1: Neutophils
2: Lymphocytes
3: Monocytes
4: Eosinophils
5: Basophils

Question 23

What is the term for the production of red blood cells?

Answer 23

erythropoiesis

Question 24

Which leukocytes function to destroy large parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms?

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

What can cause anemia?

Answer 25

Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis, Increased hemolysis, Hemorrhage

Question 26

Describe platelets

Answer 26

Very small (2-4 nanometers in diameter); Normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets per nanoliter; they are not cells, but small fragments of megakaryocytes; Contribute less than WBCs to blood volume because they are much smaller

Question 27

What is the most abundant formed element?

Answer 27

erythrocytes

Question 28

What is the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?

Answer 28

coagulation

Question 29

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

Answer 29

Spleen

Question 30

The cardiovascular system includes what?

Answer 30

Heart and blood vessels

Question 31

Describe neutrophils

Answer 31

They have multi lobed nuclei when mature; They are the most abundant leukocyte; They are granulocytes;

Question 32

Which blood type is the most common in the US

Answer 32

O

Question 33

Describe monocytes

Answer 33

The cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules; | The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped

Question 34

Which plasma protein is converted to fibrin during coagulation?

Answer 34

fibrinogen

Question 35

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?

Answer 35

RVCs are more numerous, only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood is reticulocytes; reticulocytes have polyribosomes, RBCs do not

Question 36

Place the events of heme disposal in order

Answer 36

1: Macrophages remove iron 2: Macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin 3: A yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed

Question 37

What term refers to the production of blood, including all components

Answer 37

Hemopoiesis

Question 38

Albumin plays a role in what?

Answer 38

Solute transport; Maintenance of osmolarity; pH buffering of plasma

Question 39

How does coumadin/warfarin prevent blood clots?

Answer 39

antagonizes vitamin K

Question 40

How does EDTA prevent blood clots?

Answer 40

Binds calcium ions and prevents them from participating in the coagulation reactions

Question 41

How does Aspirin prevent blood clots?

Answer 41

Suppresses the formation of elcosanoid thromboxane A2

Question 42

A mass of clotted blood in the tissue is called what?

Answer 42

hematoma

Question 43

What is the process of clot formation within blood vessels?

Answer 43

thrombosis

Question 44

Fetal hemoglobin consists of what?

Answer 44

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

Question 45

The rupture of red blood cells is called what?

Answer 45

hemolysis

Question 46

What conditions are associated with clotting disorders?

Answer 46

malnutrition; hemophilia; leukemia; gallstones

Question 47

What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?

Answer 47

to determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample

Question 48

List the events that occur during fibrinolysis

Answer 48

1: Prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein; 2: Kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin; 3: Plasmin dissolves the blood clot

Question 49

What is the production of large antigen-antibody complexes?

Answer 49

agglutination

Question 50

What are some possible causes of leukocytosis?

Answer 50

allergy; infection; dehydration

Question 51

What is the clotting and hemorrhaging, limited to one organ or occurring throughout the body?

Answer 51

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 52

What is the Epstein-Barr visrus affecting B-lymphocytes. It is transmitted by kissing, causes fever, fatigue, sore throat?

Answer 52

Infections mononucleosis

Question 53

What is it when bacteria in the bloodstream, accompanying infection elsewhere in the body?

Answer 53

Septicemia

Question 54

What is hereditary anemia common in people of Mediterranean descent; Alpha or beta hemoglobin is abnormal

Answer 54

Thalassemia

Question 55

Which granulocyte has large, dark-staining granules that contain heparin and histamine?

Answer 55

Basophil

Question 56

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

Answer 56

4