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a&p2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Which plasma protein is the smallest and most abundant?

A

Albumin

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2
Q

What are the three major categories of plasma proteins?

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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3
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

transport various solutes and buffer pH; contribute to viscosity and osmolarity

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4
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

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5
Q

What are some functions of plasma proteins?

A

Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones;
clotting;
immune defense

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6
Q

What is the protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH?

A

hemoglobin

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7
Q

List the events of platelet plug formation in order

A

1: contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
2: Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
3: Platelets stick to each other
4: The pseudopods then contract and draw the vessel walls together
5: This mass of platelets forms a platelet plug

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8
Q

Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?

A

Osmolarity

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9
Q

Which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and transform into large phagocytic tissue cells called macrophages?

A

monocytes

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10
Q

Describe normal erythrocytes

A

Have biconcave shape;
contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen;
missing nucleus and other organelles

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11
Q

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are examples of what?

A

granulocytes

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12
Q

Another term for white blood cells (WBC) is what?

A

leukocyte

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13
Q

What is an abnormally high red blood cell count?

A

Polycythemia

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14
Q

What is it called when total WBC count is above 10,000 WBCs per nanoliter?

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

What is it called when total WBC count is below 5,000 WBCs per nanoliter?

A

Leukopenia

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16
Q

What is the cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes?

A

Leukemia

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17
Q

Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?

A

gamma globulins

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18
Q

Plasma transports what?

A

Nutrients from the digestive system;
Oxygen from the lungs;
nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys

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19
Q

Which antigens are expressed on the surface of RBCs in an individual with blood type A+?

A

Antigen A and Antigen D

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20
Q

What is the term for plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed?

A

serum

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21
Q

What are granulocytes that phagocytize bacteria?

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

List the leukocytes, from most abundant to least abundant (in healthy individuals)

A

1: Neutophils
2: Lymphocytes
3: Monocytes
4: Eosinophils
5: Basophils

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23
Q

What is the term for the production of red blood cells?

A

erythropoiesis

24
Q

Which leukocytes function to destroy large parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms?

A

eosinophils

25
Q

What can cause anemia?

A

Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis,
Increased hemolysis,
Hemorrhage

26
Q

Describe platelets

A

Very small (2-4 nanometers in diameter);
Normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets per nanoliter;
they are not cells, but small fragments of megakaryocytes;
Contribute less than WBCs to blood volume because they are much smaller

27
Q

What is the most abundant formed element?

A

erythrocytes

28
Q

What is the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot?

A

coagulation

29
Q

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

A

Spleen

30
Q

The cardiovascular system includes what?

A

Heart and blood vessels

31
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

They have multi lobed nuclei when mature;
They are the most abundant leukocyte;
They are granulocytes;

32
Q

Which blood type is the most common in the US

A

O

33
Q

Describe monocytes

A

The cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules;

The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped

34
Q

Which plasma protein is converted to fibrin during coagulation?

A

fibrinogen

35
Q

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?

A

RVCs are more numerous, only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood is reticulocytes;
reticulocytes have polyribosomes, RBCs do not

36
Q

Place the events of heme disposal in order

A

1: Macrophages remove iron
2: Macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin
3: A yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed

37
Q

What term refers to the production of blood, including all components

A

Hemopoiesis

38
Q

Albumin plays a role in what?

A

Solute transport;
Maintenance of osmolarity;
pH buffering of plasma

39
Q

How does coumadin/warfarin prevent blood clots?

A

antagonizes vitamin K

40
Q

How does EDTA prevent blood clots?

A

Binds calcium ions and prevents them from participating in the coagulation reactions

41
Q

How does Aspirin prevent blood clots?

A

Suppresses the formation of elcosanoid thromboxane A2

42
Q

A mass of clotted blood in the tissue is called what?

A

hematoma

43
Q

What is the process of clot formation within blood vessels?

A

thrombosis

44
Q

Fetal hemoglobin consists of what?

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

45
Q

The rupture of red blood cells is called what?

A

hemolysis

46
Q

What conditions are associated with clotting disorders?

A

malnutrition;
hemophilia;
leukemia;
gallstones

47
Q

What is the purpose of a differential WBC count?

A

to determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample

48
Q

List the events that occur during fibrinolysis

A

1: Prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein;
2: Kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin;
3: Plasmin dissolves the blood clot

49
Q

What is the production of large antigen-antibody complexes?

A

agglutination

50
Q

What are some possible causes of leukocytosis?

A

allergy; infection; dehydration

51
Q

What is the clotting and hemorrhaging, limited to one organ or occurring throughout the body?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

52
Q

What is the Epstein-Barr visrus affecting B-lymphocytes. It is transmitted by kissing, causes fever, fatigue, sore throat?

A

Infections mononucleosis

53
Q

What is it when bacteria in the bloodstream, accompanying infection elsewhere in the body?

A

Septicemia

54
Q

What is hereditary anemia common in people of Mediterranean descent; Alpha or beta hemoglobin is abnormal

A

Thalassemia

55
Q

Which granulocyte has large, dark-staining granules that contain heparin and histamine?

A

Basophil

56
Q

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

a&p2 (13 decks)

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