Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & physiology 102 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of what 6 organs ?

A

Kidneys(2, Ureters (2), urinary bladder, and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false the Right kidney is slightly lower than left due to space occupied by liver

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does it mean to say that the kidney is retroperitoneal?

A

It lies between the peritoneum and body wall at the level of T12-L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 8 things do the kidneys do?

A

1 Filter blood plasma (eliminates waste), regulates blood volume and pressure, regulates osmolarity of body fluids , Secretes Renin(activates angiotension and aldosterone), secretes erythropoietin(controls RBC count), regulates acid and base balance, detoxifies free radicals and drugs, and glucogenisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous wastes?

A

Urea, uric acid, creatine, renal failure, and BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define BUN

A

quantitative expression of blood nitrogenous waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define azotemia

A

abnormally elevated BUN in blood that may indicate renal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define uremia

A

toxic effects as wastes accumulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define excretion

A

Separation of wastes from body fluids and eliminating them using four organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the four organ systems the body uses to excrete waste? What do they excrete?

A

Respiratory System: CO2,
Integumentary system: water, salts, lactic acid, urea, and sweat
Digestivesystem: water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol
Urinarysystem: many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false the kidneys are about the size of a bar of soap

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Hilum

A

slit where it receives the renal artery, vein, ureter and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false the kidney is protected by three layers of C.T

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the outer most layer of the kidney ?

A

Renal fascia-binds the kidney and associated organs to the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the middle protective layer of the kidney?

A

Adipose tissue , layer of fat that holds kidney in place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the inner most protective layer of the kidney ?

A

Renal capsule-a fibrous sac that is anchored at the hilum and encloses the rest of the kidney like a cellophane wrapper, and protects it from trauma and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Renal parenchyma and what two zones is it divided into?

A

Its the glandular tissue that forms the urine, appears C shaped and encircles the renal sinus . It is divided into the renal cortex and inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A

containing blood vessels, nerves, and urine collecting structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ divides the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids

A

Renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Each pyramid is conical with a broad base facing the cortex and a blunt point called _______

A

Renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

One pyramid and the cortex above it constitute a ____

A

Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Starting with a minor calyx how does urine make its way to the ureter?

A

Each renal pyramid releases its urine to a minor calyx which converges with others(2 or 3) to create a major calyx which converges (2 or 3 ) into a funnel like Renal pelvis which connects to a ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or false the kidneys receive 21% of the cardiac output

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false each kidney is supplied by a renal artery

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Renal arteries enter the hilum and divide to ____ arteries

A

segmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Segmental arteries divide into ___ arteries which penetrate each renal column.

A

interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

interlobar arteries travel up to the cortico-medullary junction where they form ___ arteries

A

arcuate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of arteries branch upward into the cortex coming off of the arcuate areries?

A

interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What kind of artery gives off afferent arterioles to the gomerulus of each nephron?

A

interlobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True or false The glomerulus is drained by an efferent arteriole

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or false Each kidney contains 1.2 million functional units called nephrons

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A nephron consist of what two principal parts? What are their functions?

A

Renal corpuscle-(glomerulus) where the blood plasma is filtered
Renal tubule-processes the filtrate into urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a ball of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the glomerular (Bowmans)capsule?

A

A two layered capsule . The parietal layer is simple squamous and the visceral consists of podocytes wrapped around the capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define glomerular filtrate and capsular space

A

fluid that filters from the glomerular capillaries collects in the capsular space between the parietal and visceral layer and then flows into the renal tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define Renal (Uriniferous) Tubule

A

a duct (divided into 4 regions) that leads away form the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Name the four majore regions of the Renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop(loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct(not really a part of the nephron-receives urine from many nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or false the PCT is the longest and most coiled and has simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Thin segments are made if simple squamous have low metabolic rate but are very ____ to water

A

permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Thick segments have simple cuboidal with lots of mitochondria due to high metabolic activity of ___ _____.

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or false the DCT is less coiled than the PCT

A

True and SCT has cubiodal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or false both the DCT and the collecting duct are made of cuboidal epithelium

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?

A

DCT, afferent, efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

True or false the collecting duct has several DCT’s that join it

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or False Near the papilla, several collecting ducts merge to form a larger papillary duct where they converge more to become a minor calyx

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define cortical nephrons

A

(85%) nephrons close to the kidney surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Define Juxtamedullary nephron

A

-(15%) nephrons close to the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what nephrons Have very long loops that extend to the apex of the renal pyramid

A

Juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

True or false Juxtamedullary Responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The kidney converts blood plasma to urine in what three stages

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Water conservation

51
Q

True or false Glomerular filtrate is fluid in the capsular space that is similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein

A

True

52
Q

Define tubular fluid

A

fluid from the PCT through the DCT

53
Q

When is fluid officially called urine?

A

When they exit DCT and enter the collecting ducts

54
Q

Define the filtration membrane

A

barrier through which the fluid must pass to enter the capsular space

55
Q

What three things compose the filtration membrane?Deep to superficial

A

fenestrated endothelium of the capillary, The basement membrane and, Filtration slits.

56
Q

True or False Pedicles have a negatively charged filtration slits

A

True

57
Q

Where exactly does filtration take place?

A

glomerulus

58
Q

True or false

A

Kidney trauma and infections can damage the filtration membrane and allow albumin or blood cells to filter through

59
Q

Define Proteinuria(albuminuria)

A

the presence of protein in the urine

60
Q

Define Hematuria

A

the presence of blood in the urine

61
Q

What can cause an temporarily cause proteinuria or hematuria

A

Strenuous exercise

62
Q

Define Nephrotic syndrome

A

A group of symptoms caused by excessive loss of protein in the urine(Hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia,edema)

63
Q

What are the two types of hematuria?

A

Microscopic- amount of blood so small that it can only be seen under a microscope.
Gross/macroscopic- Urine is pink or red and may contain some blood clots

64
Q

Define pseudohematuria

A

Excessive consumption of beets, berries, or rhubarb; food coloring; and certain laxatives and pain medications can produce pink or reddish urine.

65
Q

True or false the blood hydrostatic pressure is much higher in the glomerulus than most other capillaries

A

True, the afferent arteriole is substantially larger than the efferent arteriole, giving the glomerulus a large inlet and small outlet

66
Q

True or false The glomerular filtrate is almost protein-free and has no significant COP (colloid osmotic pressure)

A

True

67
Q

Define Glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

68
Q

True or false 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed and approx. 1-2 L of urine are excreted per day

A

True

69
Q

What can happen if the GFR is too high?

A

Fluid flows to fast for them to reabsorb the usual amounts of water and solutes .
Urine output rises and creates a threat of dehydration and electrolyte depletion

70
Q

What can happen if the GFR is too low?

A

Fluid flows sluggishly through the tubules and they reabsorb wastes that should be eliminated and azotemiamay occur

71
Q

What 3 ways can GFR be adjusted by adjusting glomerular blood pressure?

A
  1. Renal auto-regulation
  2. Sympathetic control
  3. Hormonal control
72
Q

Define Renal-Autoregulation

A

ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control.

73
Q

What are the two mechanisms of auto regulation?

A

Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback

74
Q

How does the myogenic mechanism work to keep GFR constant ?

A

afferent arteriolar vasoconstrictionwould serve to protect the glomerulus from uncontrolled systemic hypertension
while afferent arteriolar vasodilatationwould allow for greater blood flow into the glomerulus in times of hypotension

75
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of specialized cells in the walls of afferent, efferent, and DCT. The cells make up the ______ _____

A

Macula Densa

76
Q

True or false the Juxtaglomerular apparatus is innervated byadrenergic fibersand the granular cells carry renin in intracellular granules

A

True

77
Q

Define the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) loop

A

JGA adapts to the GFR to early distal tubule fluid by modulating renin synthesis and release

78
Q

renin release is pricipally controlled by what 3 things

A

altered sodium concentration at the macula densa of the distal tubule
changes in the blood flow patterns of the afferent arteriole
adrenergic stimulation

79
Q

True or false When blood pressure drops, the sympathetic nerves stimulate the JGA cells to secrete renin

A

True

80
Q

Renin acts on angiotinsinogen to create _______

A

angiotensin I

81
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from the ____

A

Lungs

82
Q

Treu or false Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which in turn promotes sodium and water retention

A

True

83
Q

True or false Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism Stimulates the sense of thirst and encourages water intake

A

True

84
Q

Angiotensn II release is dependent on____release

A

renin

85
Q

Sympathetics can ______urine production, redirecting blood flow to heart, brain and skeletal muscles

A

decrease

86
Q

Tubular reabsorption removes useful solutes and returns them to the ___ and tubular secretion removes waste from the blood and adds them to the ______.

A

Blood, Filtrate

87
Q

True or false PCT reabsorbs greater variety of chemicals than other parts of the nephron and use 6% of resting ATP and calories

A

True

88
Q

What are the two routes PCTS reabsorb chemicals?

A 
Transcellular (through epithelial cells of PCT)
paracellular route (between epithelial cells of PCT)
89
Q

What creates the osmotic and electrical gradient ?

A

sodium

90
Q

Whats the primary function of the nephron loop ?

A

water conservation, also involved in electrolyte re-absorption

91
Q

DCT and collecting ducts Controls fluid and sodium/potassium balance because cells are subject to _____ control

A

Hromonal control , (esp. aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, and parathyroid hormone)

92
Q

DCT and collecting ducts have what two kinds of cells?What are they involved in?

A 
Principle cells(most abundant ) have receptors for hormones and are involved chiefly in salt and water balance
Intercalated cells: reabsorb K+ into the tubule lumen and involved mainly in acid-base balance
93
Q

How does atrial natiuretic factor (ANF) lower BP?

A

↑BP stimulates right atrium
atrium secretes ANF
ANF promotes Na+and water excretion
BP drops

94
Q

How does ADH help raise BP?

A

dehydration stimulates hypothalamus
hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary releases ADHADH ↑water reabsorption
urine volume ↓

95
Q

True or false Osmolarity 4x as high deep in medulla

A

True

96
Q

True or false Medullary portion of Collecting duct is permeable to water but not to NaCl

A

True

97
Q

The Kidney Has an Osmotic Gradient From _____ to _____.

A

Cortex to medulla

98
Q

The countercurrent mechanism is based upon the ___ pump

A

Na , sodium is pumped out into the interstitial fluid in medulla

99
Q

The concentration of the urine is adjusted in the ____ of the kidney

A

collecting ducts

100
Q

Because there is such a high concentration of sodium in the medulla of they kidney Water will be sucked out of the tubules by osmosis if the tubules are _____.

A

permeable

101
Q

The permeability of the collecting duct is determined by water pores(aquaporin-2) which are under the control of ______________________ from the posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone(ADH-also called vasopressin)

102
Q

If ADH is high the kidney makes _____ urine and conserves water

A

concentrated

103
Q

When a person is dehydrated the blood osmotic pressure_____.

A

rises

104
Q

The ADH will cause the kidney collecting ducts to insert ______ pores.

A

Water pores

105
Q

Define Diabetes insipidus

A

is the continuous production of large amounts of watery urine(5-10 L/day

106
Q

Aldosterone acts by turning on genes (transcription), so its stimulation of Na retention is relatively ___.

A

slow

107
Q

___ causes production of NA pump molecules

A

Aldosterone, secreated by adrenal gland in response to lowerd blood pressure.

108
Q

True or false Parathyroid Hormone Effects the Kidney by promoting calcium reabsorption and Stimulates the kidney to complete the synthesis of calcitriol (Vit. D)

A

True

109
Q

Define diuretic

A

causing increased passing of urine.

110
Q

caffeine and alcohol are ____

A

Diuretics

111
Q

Diabetes Mellitus-_______ urine reabsorption

A

decrease

112
Q

Define Urinalysis

A

The examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine

113
Q

What do abnormal pee colors mean?

A

red urine can be caused by red blood cells or hemoglobin in the urine or by the red pigments found in beets
beer-brown or yellow-brown urine is most often seen when bilirubin is present
black urine occurs when melanin is found in the specimen
orange, blue and green are often associated with the presence of drug, dye or food metabolites.

114
Q

What does cloudy urine probably mean?

A

upon standing can develop bacteria growth

115
Q

Define Pyuria

A

-pus in the urine, suggesting infection

116
Q

Define Specific gravity

A

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of distilled water

117
Q

what are the two primary reasons why the kidney produces concentrated urine with a high specific gravity.

A

Dehydration and increased secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). can occur because of trauma, stress reactions, and surgery

118
Q

Define oliguria

A

the production of abnormally small amounts of urine.

119
Q

Define Azotemia

A

-A higher than normal blood level of urea or other nitrogen containing compounds in the blood due to low urine output

120
Q

What are the three layers of the ureters?

A

adventitia –connective tissue
muscularis -2 layers of smooth muscle,Urine stretches tube causing the muscularis to contract in paristaltic waves, milking urine down to the bladder
mucosa -transitional epithelium

121
Q

Explain the Micturition reflex

A

urine in bladder, stretch receptors send signal to spinal cord, parasympathetic reflex arc from spinal cord, stimulates contraction of detrusor muscle,relaxation of internal urethral sphincter.

122
Q

The hypogastric nerve sympathetically surpresses ____________________________________________

A

contractions of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter

123
Q

The pelvic nerve parasympathetically ________

A

cause the detrusor to contract and relaxation of the internal sphincter.

124
Q

The external sphincter is innervated by what nerve?

A

puendal

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions