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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Define paracrines

A

secreted into the tissue fluid by a cell and diffuses to nearby cells

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2
Q

Define hormones, and what they do in general

A

chemical messenger into the bloodstream, and stimulates a response in another tissue or organ.

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3
Q

What do target cells have specifically for hormones?

A

Target cells have receptors specifically for hormones.

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4
Q

What do the Endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

In general what is the endocrine system ?

A

many hormone producing cells in organs such as brain, heart, and intestines,

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6
Q

What two types of glands does the body have?

A

exocrine and endocrine

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7
Q

How are substances secreted through exocrine glands?

A

Secreted into ducts that carry into body cavities or surfaces

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8
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

A

sweat glands, oily glands, mucous glands, and digestive glands.

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9
Q

How are substances secreted through endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands secrete straight into the extracellular space and then diffuse into the blood vessels

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10
Q

nervous system adapts ____ while endocrine system adapts_____?

A

Quickly via NT, Slowly via bloodstream(days to weeks)

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11
Q

nervous system effects ____while endocrine system effects _____?

A

Local (specific target organs) , general(widespread many organs)

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12
Q

What do cells undergo with the endocrine system ?

A

changes in their metabolic activities

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13
Q

What does a neuroendocrine cell do?

A

secretes hormones into ECF in response to a neural stimulus.

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14
Q

What are two examples of what neuroendocrines secrete?

A

Oxytocin, catecholamines

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15
Q

What is an example of a chemical that can act as both a NT and a hormone?

A

Norepinephrine

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16
Q

True or false the nervous system and Endocrine system can have overlapping effects on the same target organ.

A

True, both glucagon and norepinephrine causes glycogen hydrolysis

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17
Q

How do the nervous system and endocrine system regulate each other?

A

Neurons trigger hormone secretion and hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons.

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18
Q

What are the two general classes of hormones ?

A

Lipid soluble derivatives, and water soluble derivatives.

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19
Q

What are the two main lipid soluble derivatives ?

A

steroids and fatty acids

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20
Q

What are steroids derived from and where are they synthesized ? and what are they mostly for ?

A

derived from cholesterol, synthesized in the smooth ER , and are mostly for sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.

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21
Q

What are fatty acids (eicosanoids) derived from? and what are its two subcategories? Hint. theses are lipid soluble.

A

derived from fatty acids . They contain leukotrienes and prostaglandins.

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22
Q

Leukotrienes are mostly action and are involved in what ?

A

tissue inflammation

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23
Q

Prostaglandins have local action and are involved with what ?

A

inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, intensifying pain, and promotes fever.

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24
Q

What inhibits prostagladin synthesis ?

A

asprin and ibuprofen (motrin)

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25
Q

What are the three subcategories of water soluble derivatives?

A

Amino acid, peptide and proteins, and glycoprotiens

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26
Q

What are circulating hormones ?

A

hormones that pass into the blood stream and act on distant target cells.

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27
Q

How are circulating hormones inactivated and excreted ?

A

They are inactivated by the liver and are excreted by the kidney.

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28
Q

What are local hormones?

A

hormones that act locally without 1st entering the bloodstream.

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29
Q

What is the difference between paracrines an autocrines?

A

paracrines act on neighboring cells, autocrines act on the same cell that secretes them.

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30
Q

True or false Local hormones are usually inactivated quickly

A

True

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31
Q

True or false hormones can be either lipid or water soluble?

A

True they can be either

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32
Q

Most water soluble hormones circulate in the blood in the ____ form ( attached or not attached)

A

free form , not attached to a protein

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33
Q

Most lipid soluble hormones bind to what?

A

Transport proteins

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34
Q

What are the two transport proteins and where are they synthesized?

A

Albumin and globulins are synthesized in the liver.

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35
Q

What are the four functions of Albumins and globulins?

A

Improve transportablility, retard passage, and provide a reserve ready with hormones, protects hormones from being broke down by enzymes.

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36
Q

How does Albumins and globulins (proteins) improve transportability?

A

makes the lipid soluble hormone temporarily water soluble

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37
Q

How do Albumins and globulins assist in the retard passage?

A

slows the rate of hormone loss from the urine via the kidneys

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38
Q

How do Albumins and globulins provide a reserve for the hormones ?

A

The reserve is already present in the bloodstream.

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39
Q

True or false free hormones can be broken down in minutes whereas bound hormones can circulate for hours.

A

True

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40
Q

define bound hormones

A

hormones that are bound to a transport protein.

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41
Q

define unbound (free) hormone

A

Not attached to a transport protein.

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42
Q

True or false Only the free hormone can leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.

A

True

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43
Q

What are the 10% of lipid bound proteins that aren’t bound to a transport hormone called?

A

Free fraction

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44
Q

What do free fractions do ?

A

diffuses out to capillaries, binds to receptors, and triggers responses

45
Q

True or false Transport proteins release new ones to replenish the free fraction

A

True

46
Q

What protein does the thyroid hormone bound mostly to?

A

thyroxine binding globulin(TBG)

47
Q

True or false T3 and T4 99.8% of the time bound to a protein.

A

true

48
Q

hormone response depends on what two general things.

A

The hormone and the target cell.

49
Q

True or false hormones elicit different responses in different target cells .

A

True , EX, insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver and triglyceride synthesis in fat cells

50
Q

water soluble hormones have their receptors ____ the cell membrane whereas lipid soluble hormones have their receptors ____ of the cell membrane.

A

water soluble have their receptors on the membrane , lipid soluble have their receptors within the cytosol or nucleus of the cell.

51
Q

What are the 5 hormone responses ?

A

synthesis of new molecules, changing permeability of plasma membrane, stimulating the transport of substances into or out of the cell ,altering the rate of specific metabolic reactions, causing contractions of smooth cardiac muscle.

52
Q

How do activated receptors alter gene expression?(lipid soluble)

A

They can turn off or on specific genes in the DNA .

53
Q

When genes are turned off or on because of an activated hormone receptor how is the cells activity and physiological traits changed because of that hormone ? (lipid soluble)

A

new messenger RNA is transcribed from which new proteins are synthesized at the ribosomes

54
Q

Describe the steps to activating the second messenger for a water soluble hormone.

A

1st hormone binds to receptor on plasma membrane
2nd The binding hormone activates the G protein
3rd The G protein activates molecules that activate the enzyme ( adenylate cyclase)
4th The enzyme converts ATP into cAMP (the second messenger)

55
Q

How are G proteins deactivated?

A

They slowly deactivate on their own unless stimulated by more hormones.

56
Q

Why does Cholera kill ppl

A

Gives them watery diarrhea and therefore dehydrating them till death

57
Q

The toxin in cholera does what to the G protein that results in large intracellular concentration of cAMP. What results because of this?

A

modifies the G protein in the IG tract to where it gets locked in the activated state resulting in stimulation of active transport pump that ejects chloride ions followed by sodium ions and water.

58
Q

what does the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on?

A

The hormone concentration,The abundance of the target cell’s hormone receptors and Influences exerted by other hormones

59
Q

Explain the permissive effect of a hormone

A

when the actions of a hormone require recent exposure to another hormone.

60
Q

Explain the synergistic effect of a hormone?

A

When the effect of two hormones is greater than one acting alone.

61
Q

Explain antagonistic effect of a hormone ?

A

when one hormone opposes the activation of another hormones

62
Q

Define enzyme amplification

A

Hormones are amplified because one hormone can trigger thousands of enzymes at a time !

63
Q

Define metabolic clearance rate (MCR)

A

The rate of hormone removal.

64
Q

Most hormones are taken up and degraded by what two organs?

A

liver and kidneys

65
Q

True or False, some cells are degraded by the target cells

A

True

66
Q

Define Half-life

A

length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood

67
Q

The faster the MCR the ____ the half life

A

Shorter

68
Q

Explain down regulation

A

Cell can decrease responsiveness to hormones by reducing the amount of receptors when hormone is in excess.

69
Q

Explain up regulation

A

Cell can increase cell sensitivity by increasing the amount of receptors when hormone is deficient

70
Q

What hormone does the abortion pill block ?

A

Progesterone

71
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by what 3 ways?

A 
Signals from the nervous system (nerve impulses to the adrenal medulla regulate the release of epinephrine)
Chemical changes in the blood (blood calcium regulated the release of parathyroid hormone)
Other hormones (Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex)
72
Q

Hypo secretion is ______ release of hormone while Hyper secretion is _____ release of hormone.

A

Hypo secretion: Inadequate

Hyper secretion : Excessive release

73
Q

True or False most hormonal regulatory systems work via negative feed back

A

True, except in child birth

74
Q

What structure in the brain sends information to the pituitary and is in charge of water balance and sex drive?

A

Hypothalamus (forms the walls of the third ventricle)

75
Q

Where is the pituitary gland housed?

A

housed in the sella turcica and hangs by the infundibulum stalk.

76
Q

What is the major integrating link between the nervous system and endocrine system ?

A

The hypothalamus

77
Q

The hypothalamus receives input from what 7 structures?

A
  1. Limbic system
  2. Cerebral cortex
  3. Thalamus
  4. Reticular activating system
  5. Sensory input from internal organs
  6. Retina
  7. Painful, stressful, and emotional experiences cause changes in hypothalamus activity
78
Q

what does the hypothalamus control ?

A

Autonomic nervous system, Regulates body temperature, Thirst, Hunger, Sexual behavior, Defense reaction such as fear and rage

79
Q

What is the crucial endocrine gland?

A

hypothalamus (synthesizes 9 different hormones)

80
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Anterior = Adenohypophysis
Posterior = Neurohypophysis
81
Q

True or false Anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes 6 hormones

A

True

82
Q

True or false posterior pituitary stores and releases 2 hormones

A

True, produced in the hypothalamus

83
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland contains axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus ?

A

Posterior pituitary

84
Q

What are the three parts to the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. pars distalis (most distal to pituitary stalk)
  2. pars tuberalis (small mass of cells on anterior side)
  3. pars intermedia (only in fetus and other animals)
85
Q

Define hypophyseal portal system?

A

Complex blood vessels that carries blood between two capillary beds without going through the heart and connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

86
Q

What connects the primary capillary plexus to the secondary capillary plexus? (hint: hypothalamus to anterior pituitary)

A

Portal veins

87
Q

what three parts make up the neurohypophysis?

A
  1. Median Eminence (extension of hypothalamus)
  2. infundibular stalk
  3. posterior lobe (Pars nervosa) [largest part]
88
Q

True or False the neurohypophysis is not a true gland but a mass of neuroglia and nerve fibers

A

True

89
Q

What is the name of the tract that has cell bodies in the hypothalamus and end in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

90
Q

Where are the hormones that hypothalamic neurons synthesized stored in the pituitary gland

A

Posterior pituitary

91
Q

What do tropic hormones target ?

A

Other endocrine glands

92
Q

What are the 4 tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

93
Q

what are the 2 direct acting hormones in the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

PRL (prolactin)

GH (growth hormone)

94
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce? How many are for each lobe of the Pit.?

A

Hypothalamus produces 9 hormones. 7 are for the ant. pit. while the other 2 are for the post. pit.

95
Q

What are the 5 releasing hormones that stimulate the ant. pit. to secret its hormones?

A

gonadotropin, thyrotropin, corticotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone

96
Q

What are the 2 inhibiting hormones that suppress ant. Pit. secretion ?

A

prolactin and somatostatin

97
Q

What are the 2 hypothalmic hormones that are secreted to the post. pit.?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone

98
Q

Which one of the hypothalmic hormone triggers the release of two Ant. Pit. hormones ? (hint: FSH and LH)

A

Gonadotropin

99
Q

Thyrothrophs secrete TSH that controls what?

Hint: Tropic

A

Thyroid gland

100
Q

Gonadotrophs secrete LH and FSH that controls what?(Hint: Tropic)

A

Ovary and testes

101
Q

Corticotrophs secrete ACTH that controls the what? (Hint: Tropic)

A

Adrenal gland function

102
Q

Lactotrophs ecretes prolactin (PRL) that controls what?(hint: non-tropic)

A

controls milk production in the breast

103
Q

Somatotrophs secretes growth hormone (GH) that stimulates what? (hint: non-tropic)

A

stimulates several tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factors, hormones that stimulate general body growth

104
Q

what is the FSH hormone stimulate in male and females?

A

stimulates development of eggs, follicles, and estrogen production in females.
stimulates the production of sperm in males

105
Q

What is the LH hormone stimulate in male and females?

A

stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus, secretes progesterone in females
stimulates testes to secrete testosterone in males

106
Q

What are Leydig cells and what do they produce?

A

cells that produce testosterone

107
Q

What are sortoli cells and what do they do?

A

Nurture the developing sperm cells and secrete inhibin

108
Q

what is the PRL hormone stimulate in male and females?

A 
female= milk synthesis 
male= raises testosterone secretion
109
Q

what is the role of the ACTH hormone?

A

regulates responses to stress, adrenal cortex secretion of glucocorticoids

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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