Lymphatic system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the lymphatic and immune system and what are there three functions ?
A
network of vessels and organs that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body. They aid in fluid recovery, immunity, and lipid absorption
2
Q
What are the 4 components of the lymphatic system ?
A
lymph , lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs
3
Q
What are the functions of them ?
A
Lymph- recovered fluid, Lymphatic vessels- transports lymph, Lymphatic tissue- aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs of the body, Lymphatic organs- encapsulated areas in which these cells are especially concentrated.
4
Q
True or False, Interference with lymphatic drainage can
lead to severe edema.
A
True
5
Q
True or False, The lymphatic system absorbs 2-4L a day and returns it to the blood stream
A
True
6
Q
Define elephantiasis
A
rare disorder of the. lymphatic system caused by parasitic worms (transmitted by mosquitos) occurs most commonly in tropical areas causes inflammation of the limb
7
Q
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
A
Fluid recovery, immunity, and lipid absorption
8
Q
What causes the vessel blockage and extreme enlargement of the affected area, for example a leg, in people with elephantiasis ?
A
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
9
Q
How is lymph different from plasma?
A
They’re both a clear colorless fluid but lymph has much less protein
10
Q
What can be found in the lymph fluid?
A
lipids(if draining from the small intestine), Lymphocytes(macrophages), hormones,bacteria,
viruses, cellular debris, traveling cancer cells
11
Q
Lymphatic capillaries are ___ at one end.
A
Closed
12
Q
Why are lymphatic capillaries tied down , tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments?
A
To prevent the sac from collapsing
13
Q
Why are the endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries (they look like the walls of it )loosely overlapped?
A
The endothelial cells DONT have tight junctions. Their overlapping structure creates valve-like flaps that open when pressure is high to allow bacteria and cells to enter the capillary
14
Q
What are the three layers of the larger lymphatic vessels?
A
Tunica interna, tunica media, and Tunica externa
15
Q
Describe Tunica interna
A
endothelium and valves.
16
Q
Describe Tunica media
A
elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
17
Q
Describe tunica externa
A
Thin outer layer
18
Q
How are Lymphatic vessels different from veins?
A
Their walls are thinner and their valves are closer together.
19
Q
Describe the converging flow of lymph
A
Lymphatic capillaries, Collecting vessels, Six lymphatic trunks,Two collecting vessels, and Subclavian veins
20
Q
What 5 places would you NOT fine lymphatic capillaries ?
A
CNS, cartilage, bone, cornea, and
bone marrow. They are closely associates with blood capillaries (they travel together for the most part )
21
Q
collecting vessels travel alongside _______ and _____.
A
arteries and veins
22
Q
collecting vessels course through many lymph nodes where what happens?
A
Bacteria are phagocytized , and immune cells monitor fluid for forieghn antigens.
23
Q
Lymphatic trunks are formed form the ______ of collecting vessels.
A
Convergence
24
Q
What do lymphatic trunks do? and what are the 6 major lymphatic trunks?
A
They drain major portions of the body .
Jugular, Subclavian, Bronchomediastinal, intercostal, Intestinal, and Lumbar(drain also lower limbs)
25
Lymphatic trunks converge to make what two ducts?
Right lymphatic duct, and thoracic duct .
26
What three trunks converge to make up the right lymphatic trunk? Where does it collect lymph from?
Right Jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks. they receive drainage from right arm, right thorax, and head
27
True or false the thoracic ducts is larger and longer than the right lymphatic duct. Why?
True because of the Cisterna chili
28
The Cisterna chili is a part of what duct? and from where does it receives lymph?
Thoracic duct , its a prominent sac that receives
| all lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax
29
Each collecting duct drains into the ______ vein
subclavian
30
What is a sentinel lymph node biopsy ?
A test to determine if breast cancer has spread to the lymph ducts .
31
What do you call the 1st lymph node and what is its job?
Sentinel lymph node, helps sound the warning that the cancer has spread .
32
True or false Lymph flows at lower pressure and speed than veins.
True
33
How is the flow of lymph created?
Primarily by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels but also by skeletal muscle pump, and pulsations of arteries that squeeze the lymph vessels
34
True or false exercise significantly increases lymphatic
| return.
True
35
What are Natural killer cells? (NK)cells
Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria , transplanted tissue, and host cells infected with a virus or cancer.
36
NK cells are responsible for immune ______.
Surveillance
37
What are T lymphocytes and what do they depend on?
They are lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and depend on thymic hormones
38
What are B lymphocytes ? Where do they mature?
plasma cells that secrete antibodies and mature in bone marrow
39
True or false macrophages develop from monocytes that emigrated from the bloodstream.
True
40
True or false macrophages are also antigen presenting cells
True
41
What are Dendritic cells?
Branches APC (antigen presenting cell) that are found in the epidermis, mucous membrane, and lymphatic organs) They engulf forieghn matter by receptor-mediated endocytosis rather than phagocytosis
42
What are reticular cells and what do they do?
branched stationary cells that contribute to the ct framework of lymphatic organs and Act as APCs in the thymus
43
What are the two groups a T lymphocyte can be categorized as ? What are their jobs?
Cytotoxic T cells (TCD8) kill infected cells and T helper cells (TCD4) support the action of cytotoxic T cells, and B lymphocytes
44
Define lymphatic tissue
Aggregates(many combined ) of lymphocytes in C.T of mucous membranes and various organs,
45
Define Diffuse lymphatic tissue, and where they are prevalent
lymphocytes are scattered rather than densely clustered, prevalent in body passages that are open to the exterior such as respiratory , digestive, urinary, and reproductive tract.
46
Diffuse lymphatic tissue is found in mucous membranes and is also called _____.
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
47
During an infection what do dendritic cells do?
They recognize parts of bacteria and viruses as forieghn (antigens)
48
Mature, antigen bearing dendritic cells leave the site of infection and migrate where?
To draining lymph nodes via blood/lymph
49
Where do antigen bearing dendritic cells present the processed antigens to other immune cells , B and T lymphocytes
within the lymph nodes
50
What happens when B lymphocytes become activated and how do they get activated?
They start to produce antibodies against the antigens. They are found in the lymph nodes (where the APC go to present antigens)
51
What do Cytotoxic T cells (TCD8) do?
They kill infected cells
52
What do T helper cells (TCD4) do?
They support the action of cytotoxic T cells and B lymphocytes (Kill infected cells)
53
Define lymphatic nodules
dense oval masses of lymphocytes (come in & go as pathogens invade tissue)
54
Where are lymphatic nodules most commonly found?
Constantly found in the lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix
55
Define Peyer's patches and where they can be found
Permanent congregation, clusters of lymphocytes found at the junction of small to large intestines
56
Lymphatic organs have well defined anatomical sites and a partial _____ capsule that separates the lymphatic tissue from surrounding tissue
C.T
57
What 2 things are part of the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus.
58
Where are the primary sites where T and B Lymphocytes become immunocompetent? (able to recognize antigen)
The primary are found either in the red bone marrow or thymus
59
What 3 things are part of the secondary lymphatic organs? Why are they considered secondary?
Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen , because they are populated with immunocompetent lymphocytes FROM the primary organs
60
True or False the secondary lymphatic organs are populated with immunocompetent lymphocytes from the primary organs ?
True
61
What 2 functions does the lymph node provide?
cleanse the lymph and acts as a site for T and B cell activation as a result of foreign antigens
62
True or False, Lymph nodes are the only organs that filter lymph ?
True
63
Define Hilum in regards to a lymph node
indented area where blood vessels enter or leave
64
What encloses the Hilum ?
A fibrous capsule with trabeculae that partially divide the interior into compartments in the lymph node
65
What is the subcapsular space, in regards to a lymph node and what does it contain?
Clear space between capsule and parenchyma that contains reticular fibers, macs, and dendritic cells
66
The parenchyma of a lymph node divided into what 2 layers ?
Medulla (deep) and cortex (superficial)
67
What does the cortex of a lymph node consist of ?
Lymphatic nodules
68
Where do B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells ?
Germinal Center in the nodules of a lymph node
69
True or False, when fighting a pathogen, nodules acquire a light-staining germinal center
True
70
The medulla of a lymph node consists of a branching network of medullary cords that consist of what 5 things?
Branching network of medullary cords are composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and reticular fibers
71
True or False, As lymph percolate (filter) through the node, %99 of impurities are removed before it leaves the node
True
72
Where can the Cervical lymph node group be found? From where does the lymph that the cervical lymph node monitors come from?
Deep and superficial group in the neck. Monitors lymph coming from the head and neck
73
Where can the Axillary lymph node group be found?
| From where does the lymph that the axillary lymph node monitors come from?
Concentrated in the armpit and receives lymph from upper limb and female breasts
74
From where does the Thoracic node monitor lymph from?
Receives lymph from the lungs, airway, and mediastinum
75
Where does the Abdominal node monitor lymph from?
monitors lymph from the urinary and reproductive systems
76
Where does the Intestinal node monitor lymph from?
monitors lymph from digestive tract
77
Where does the Inguinal node receive lymph from?
Receives lymph from entire lower limb
78
Where does the Popliteal node receive lymph from?
back of knee
79
Define Lymphadenitis
Swollen node due to challenge from foreign antigen
80
What is a Lymphadenopathy ?
Lymph node disease
81
What are tonsils and what are they for ?
Patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, guards against ingested and inhaled pathogens
82
True or False Pathogens get into crypts (deep pits) on the tonsils and encounter lymphocytes
True
83
What are the three pairs of tonsils and their locations?
1. Palatine tonsils: pair at posterior of mouth, most often infected 2. Lingual tonsils: pair at the root of tongue 3. Pharyngeal tonsils: single medial tonsil on wall of pharynx behind nasal cavity
84
True or False, Palatine tonsils are most often infected with streptococcus
True
85
Name the function of the Thymus
Contains developing lymphocytes and secrets hormones to regulate their (the lymphocyte) activity
86
Name 2 hormones that the Thymus secretes
Thymopoietin and Thymosins
87
True or False, the Thymus is large in a fetus but shrinks as we grow older
True
88
True or Flase, The thymus is both a lymphatic and endocrine organ
True
89
The Thymus is the site of ____ -cell development
T-cells
90
(skipped beginning of slide 54 ) Define the blood Thymic barrier
Blood vessels are covered with epithelial reticular cells to form a perivascular connective tissue sheath to keep foreign antigens from getting into the cortex.
91
True or false there are no reticular fibers in the thymus
True
92
What part of the thymus is T cell maturation occurring?
Cortex of the thymus
93
True or false we do not know the function of thymic(hassall)corpuscles cell in the thymus
True , the cells are in the medulla
94
The reticular epithelial cells in the thymus produce several signalling molecules that promote T cell development and action. What does the molecule interleukin do?
its involved in the survival, development, and homeostasis of B, T, and NK cells
95
The reticular epithelial cells in the thymus produce several signalling molecules that promote T cell development and action. What does the cytokine(aids in cell communication) molecule, interferon do?
its released in response to viral infection, activates NK cells, and macrophages
96
What kind of T cells are found in the cortex of the thymus?
immature T lymphocytes
97
What kind of T cells are found in the medulla of the thymus?
larger mature T lymphocytes going through the final selection stage.
98
What will you find in the parenchyma (working part) of the spleen ? what is it commonly known as ?
sinuses filled with erythrocytes "red pulp" and lymphocytes, macrophages; surrounds small branches of splenic artery "white pulp"
99
What does the parenchyma(working part) of the spleen do?
blood production in fetus , blood reservoir, RBC disposal, And immune reactions:filters blood and quick to detect antigens
100
What are the two major functions of the spleen in the body ?
Destruction of old RBC and is a major site for mounting the immune response
101
True or false The spleen behaves similar to a lymph node but instead of filtering the lymphatic fluid it filters the blood.
True
102
The spleen is highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection , therefore it can rupture fatally . What is usually preformed since it is difficult to repair?
splenectomy
103
people can live without a spleen but may be prone to more______.
infections
104
Innate (natural ) immunity AKA nonspecific resistance consists of what lines of defense?
First, and second line of defense
105
What consists of the 1st line of defense ?
intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, and normal microbiota "external barriers"
106
What consists of the 2nd line of defense?
Phagocytic white blood cells(leukocytes and macrophages) , inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances "immune surveillance"
107
What consists of the 3rd line of defense ?
Specialized lymphocytes:B cells and T cells and antibodies. They result from prior exposure and protect only against a particular pathogen "provides future protection"
108
adaptive immunity AKA specific resistance consists of what line of defense?
3rd line of defense
109
What does the Antimicrobial chemical, lactic in the skin help with ?
a component of perspiration-inhibits growth
110
How do mucous membranes (external barrier 1st defense ) help?
stickiness of mucus-ensnares microbes, Flushed from upper GI tract by saliva and lower urinary tract by urine, lysozyme: enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls in tears and saliva
111
Define tissue gel and where it is found.
viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid-difficult for microbes to migrate through. Can be found in subepithelial areolar tissue
112
Define hyaluronidase
enzyme used by pathogens to loosen gel to a thinner consistency for easier migration (snake venom )
113
Describe what neutrophils do
They phagocytize bacteria by creating a "killing zone"meaning they degranulate and discharge lysosomes into tissue fluids that release toxins creating a "respiratory burst" everything around it dies such as the neutrophils , bacteria, and surrounding tissue.
114
`True or false eosinophils are found especially in mucous membranes
True
115
describe what eosinophils do
They phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, ALERGENS, and inflammatory chemicals. They as well release chemical toxins, promote actions of basophils and mast cells, and secrete enzymes that limit histamine and other inflammatory chemicals.
116
Describe what basophils do
They aid in mobility and action of white blood cells by the release of histamine (vasodialator) which increase of blood flow of WBC to get to the tissue faster and heparin (anticoagulant) prevents phagocytes from moving
117
T cells, B cells, and NK cells are what kind of cells
lymphocytes
118
monocytes are circulating _____ to macrophages
precursor
119
What is the macrophage (lymphoid-macrophage)system. What cells consist of it?
all the bodies phagocytic cells except leukocytes.They include wandering macrophages and fixed macrophages
120
wandering macrophages are part of the macrophage (lymphoid-macrophage)system, what do they do?
they're called histiocytes as well and move throughout the C.T seeking pathogens
121
Fixed macrophages are part of the macrophage (lymphoid-macrophage)system, what do they do?
theyre fixed in place and only phagocytize pathogens that come to them.
122
What are 4 fixed macrophages and their locations?
Dendritic cells are found in epidermis, lymphatic organs and cavities exposed to environment, Microglia-in the CNS,Alveolar macrophages-in the lungs, Hepatic macrophages-in the liver
123
Interferons give off what two effects? What are they ?
polypeptides secreted by cells invaded by viruses they can give off the antiviral effect, and the anticancer effect. (kills cancer cells )
124
Describe the antiviral effect given off by interferons
They're are generalized in protection and diffuse to neighboring cells and stimulates them to produce anitvirus proteins. They as well activate NK cells and macrophages
125
What do NK cells do in general?
patrol the body for pathogens or diseased host cells
126
True or false NK cells Attack transplanted tissues, virus infected cells, cancer cells
True
127
NK cells release what two proteins and how do they work together?
They release perforins and granzymes . The perforins create a hole in the membrane and the granzymes enter via pore and destroy cellular enzymes and induce Apoptsis (self cell death)
128
define the complement system
The complement system is a biochemical cascade which helps clear pathogens from an organism consisting of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens.(inactivated enzyme)
129
True or false the complement system "biochemical cascade" belongs to the innate immune system
True its part of the larger immune system and does not change
130
True or False The complement system can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system
True
131
The complement system is activated by what 3 pathways?
Classical, alternative, and lectin
132
What are the three mechanisms of action for the complement system ?
enhanced inflammation (stimulates the release of inflammatory chemicals), Opsonization (promotes phagocytosis), and cytolysis(membrane attack complex =MAC attack)
133
Describe opsonization
enhancemnet of phagocytosis by coating with C3b
134
Describe inflammation
increase of blood vessel permeability and chemotactic attraction of phagocytes C3A
135
Describe Cytolysis
loss of cellular contents through trans-membrane channel formed by membrane attack complex C5-C9
136
What do mast cells secrete ?
Histamine
137
The complement system is activated by 3 pathways. The classical pathway requires ___ to get started and creates a _____ on the surface of a pathogen
an antibody (thus part of specific immunity ), creates antigen-antibody complex
138
What are the 4 steps to the classical pathway?
1st you need an antibody, 2nd an antibody binds to an antigen and forms an antigen-antibody complex, 3rd once the complex is formed binding sites for C1 (ticks) are formed , 4th C1 binds to the site setting off amplifying enzyme reaction cascade
139
What two pathways of the complement system are considered to be non specific?
Alternative and Lectin
140
The alternative pathway is initiated when C3 is ______ activated in the blood to C3a and C3b. What causes its activation?
spontaneously, When it combines with part of a bacteria or virus
141
How can the alternative pathway be inhibited?
It can be quickly deactivated on the surface of host cells that have specialized membrane proteins that inhibit the complement activation
142
Describe the Lectin pathway
Plasma proteins capable of binding carbohydrates of microbial cell walls and setting off the complement cascade
143
Mast cells and basophils secrete histamine that acts as a _______ to MACS and neutrophils
Chemoattractant (attracts certain type of cell with chemicals )
144
Define opsinins
proteins that coat microbials and serve as binding sites for easier phagocyte attachment
145
Define inflammation
A defensive response to tissue injury
146
How does inflammation help
limits spread of pathogens(then destroys them ) , removes debris, and initiates tissue repair
147
What are the Cardinal (most important) signs of inflammation and what causes them?
1. redness(erythema) caused by hyperemia (↑blood flow)
2. swelling(edema) caused by ↑capillary permeability and filtration
3. heat caused by hyperemia
4. pain caused by inflammatory chemicals (bradykinin, prostaglandins) secreted by damaged cells, pressure on nerves
148
Chemical mediators are also called ________.
Cytokines
149
Define Cytokine.
small proteins that act locally (paracrine, autocrine) to alter the physiological behavior of surrounding cells. Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions such as cell growth and differentiation
150
What are 4 examples of Cytokines ?
Interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and chemotactic factors
151
What are the 3 major processes of inflammation ?
1. MOBILIZATION of the body's defense 2.CONTAINMENT and destruction of pathogens
3. Tissue CLEANUP AND REPAIR
152
What is secreted by damaged cells, mast cells, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and platelets?
Bradykinin, Histamine, and Leukotrienes
153
During inflammation Bradykinin, Histamine, and Leukotrienes stimulate vasodilation which leads to hyperemia. How does vasodilation promote the mobilization processes for inflammation ?
Increases heat, therefore increases metabolic rate that promotes cell multiplication and healing.
154
What 2 major things in the mobilization portion of inflammation happen as a result of the chemicals Bradykinin, Histamine, and Leukotrienes secreted by damaged cells?
1. Vasodilation that leads to hyperemia (the heat raises metabolic rate and promotes cell multiplication and healing), dilutes toxins, provides O2, nutrients, and waste removal
2. Raises permeability of blood capillaries allowing blood cells and chemicals into the tissue
155
What are the 4 ways Leukocyte deploy to the damages area in order to aid in inflammation through containment and construction ?
1. Margination 2. Diapedesis (emigration) 3. Chemotaxis 4.Phagocytosis
156
Define Margination (Leukocyte deployment)
Leukocytes adhere to blood vessel walls via selectins (adhesion molecules produced by endothelial cells)
157
Define Diapedesis (Leukocyte deployment)
Leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells into tissue space
158
Define Chemotaxis (Leukocyte deployment)
Leukocytes are attracted to inflammatory chemicals
159
Define Phagocytosis (Leukocyte deployment)
Processes by which a cell engulfs a solid particle, Neutrophils are quickest to respond
160
What Leukocyte is the first responder in bacterial infection ?
Neutrophils, they release Bradykinin and Leukotriens (attract more leukocytes to the area of inflammation)
161
True or False Activated macrophages and T-cells secrete colony-stimulating factors which promote the production of more Leukocytes by the red bone marrow ?
True
162
Monocytes play a major role in ______ repair, How?
Tissue repair, they engulf bacteria, damage host cells, and dead neutrophilis. Act as APC cells
163
Monocytes play a major role in ______ repair, How? (tissue cleanup and repair)
Tissue repair, they engulf bacteria, damage host cells, and dead neutrophilis. Act as APC cells
164
Define pus
dead macs, neutrophils, liquefied tissue and debris
165
Define abscess
accumulatied of pus in a tissue cavity
166
Define blister
pus collection between epidermis and dermis
167
Define edema and how it contributes to the lymphatic system
contributes to tissue cleanup. Swelling compresses veins to reduce venous return .Forces open lymphatic valves to promote lymphatic drainage of bacteria, dead cells, proteins, and tissue debris
168
___ are the primary agents of cleanup
macrophages
169
Some tissues cannot be replaced, then fibroblasts form _____tissue
scar
170
How does our body use a fever as a defense mechanism ?
promotes interferon activity , accelerating metabolic rate and tissue repair, and inhibits pathogen reproduction
171
What does pyrogen secreted by macrophages stimulate?
The anterior hypothalamus to secrete PGE (prostaglandin) which resets the bodys thermostat higher.
172
What two characteristics separate specific immunity from non specific?
Specificity (immunity directed against a particular pathogen )and memory (once re-exposed to the same pathogen the body is primed and ready to react quicker)
173
Define humoral immunity . Is it part of specific or non specific immunity?
Antibodies, not cells, directly attack pathogen(not effective against intracellular pathogens ). Part of specific immunity
174
Define cellular immunity . Is it part of specific or non soecific immunity?
employ lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy. Is effective against intracellular pathogens and is part of the specific immunity
175
Define Antigen
macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body
176
What are 3 things an antigen can be?
proteins, polysaccharides, and conjugates of lipids (lipoproteins) (glycolipids)
177
What are the two general types of antigens?
Antigens that enter the body from the environment and antigens that are generated within the cells
178
How would antigens enter the body from the external environment ?
Inhaled , ingested, and introduces beneath the skin (splinter or an injected vaccine )
179
How are antigens generated within a cell?
1 proteins encoded by the genes of viruses that have infected a cell
2 aberrant proteins that are encoded by mutant genes; such as mutated genes in cancer cells
180
What's considered to be the most numerous lymphatic organs? (just one type )
Lymph nodes
181
The initial immune response to any antigen REQUIRES that the antigen be recognized by_________.
T lymphocytes (T cell)
182
Define exogenous antigens
inhaled, ingested, or injected antigens are (eaten )taken up by APC's
183
What are the APC's that engulf exogenous antigens ?
phagocytic cells (dendritic cells, and macrophages) and B lymphocytes (produce antibodies against antigens)
184
True or false macrophages are APC's
True
185
How do macrophages engulf the antigens ?
Endocytosis
186
Macrophages will engulf an exogenous antigen where an endosome carries it and fuses with a lysosome that will degrade the antigen into fragments. What happens to these fragments?
The antigengic peptides(antigen fragments) are then displayed at the surface of the cell nestled within a class two Histocompatibility molecule (badge? )
187
Via what do CD4 (helper T cells ) recognize antigens on macrophages?
Class II histocompatibility molecule (badge)
188
MHC-1 molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all ____ cells except RBC's
Body
189
MHC-2 molecules appear on the surface of _____
APC's
190
Inactive helper t cells recognize exogenous antigen fragments associates with _____ molecules at the surface of an APC
MHC 2 moleculses
191
What's the prime trigger for T cell proliferation
a cytokine , interleukin
192
True or false memory cells are inactive until they com in contact with the same antigen once more
True
193
MHC1 are on all nucleated cells except _____ cells and bind to _____ receptors of killer T cell.
RBC's, CD8
194
MHC 2 are on only _____ cells and bind to the _____ receptor on helper T cells
APC's , CD4
195
MHC1 is endogenous and MHC2 is _____
exogenous
196
exogenous antigens (inhaled, ingested, or injected) are taken up by _____
APC's such as macrophages and B lymphocytes
197
True or false a B lymphocyte can be classified as an APC
true
198
B lymphocytes process antigen by the class ______ for presentation
TWO
199
How do B cells engulf an antigen?
receptor mediated endocytosis
200
What is another name for a B cell receptor? (hint: they're anchored to the plasma membrane )
antibodies
201
How is a hocyte a APC? where does it display the antigen ?
it is considered an APC cause it displays antigens at the cell surface in the groove of a class 2 histocompatibility molecule.
202
If a macrophage has a class 2 MHC molecule with an antigen on it what will bind to it ?
CD4 T cells (helper)
203
If a B cell has a class 2 MHC molecule with an antigen on it what will bind to it? What will that do?
CD8 T cells (cytotoxin), costimulation will occur
204
What happens to the B cell when its stimulated by the helper t cell with cytokine interleukin ?
The B cell will grow into a clone of cells called plasma cells
205
True or false Antibodies are synthesized receptors (BCR's) with identical bonding sites for the epitope but with out the transmembrane tail
True
206
True or false the binding of a T cell to an APC by itself is not enough to activate the T cell and turn it into an effector
True T cell must not only bind to an epitope but also receive a second signal from the APC (interleukin )
207
Define endogenous antigens
antigens that are generated within the cell
208
How are endogenous antigens found by specific immunity ?
A normal cell will degrade it into fragments and display the epitope on a MHC class 1 where CD8 T cells will recognize them
209
Define active immunity
body makes its own antibodies or t cells against a pathogen (involving memory cells )
210
Define passive immunity
Body acquires antibodies from another person or animal
211
Define Natural active immunity
production of ones own antibodies, or t cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen
212
Define Artificial active immunity
production of ones own antibodies or t cells as a result of vaccination
213
Define natural passive immunity
temporary immunity resulting from acquiring antibodies produced from another person . Ex. fetus acquire from mother
214
Define Artificial passive immunity
immunity resulting form injection of an imine serum obtained from another person
215
Define Antigen
Foreign molecules that can trigger an immune response
216
Define epitope
part of an antigen that is recognized as foreign and can stimulate an immune response (one antigen can have several epitopes)
217
Define haptens
molecules too small to cause a reaction in till they can bind host macromolecules that can trigger a response
218
What is an example of a haptens?
penicillin , it creates a protein that causes a massive release of histamine resulting in anaphylactic shock
219
True or false antibodies have to heavy and two light chains in a "Y" shape
True
220
Where can you fine antibodies(immunoglobulins) ?
body secretions, blood plasma, and some leukocytes membranes
221
What are the 5 antibody classes?
Iga, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
222
Describe IgA monomer found in plasma
found in secretions (saliva, mils, tears )and prevents adherence to epithelial , passive immunity yo newborns
223
Describe monomer IgD monomer
Involved in B cell activation , its a receptor on b membrane
224
Describe monomer IgE
involved in allergic reactions. Found in skin tonsils and mucous membranes , stimulates histamines , and attracts eosinophils
225
IgG
Anti-A and B foe ABo blood group . BCR predominant in 1st immune response
226
Define somatic recombination
DNA shuffles and forms new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
227
True or false NKC Is a non-specific effector cell that can kill tumor cells and virus infected cells
True
228
How is an NK cells unlike a cytotoxic t cell?
They do not need to recognize a specific antigen before being activated
229
how are NK cells inhibited from killing a normal host cell?
they notice MHCself molecule on it
230
How are NK cells and cytotoxic cells alike
They kill the same way (production of proforming protiens, enzymes, and toxic cytokines)
231
How are microbes and tumers that down regulate MHC class 1 molecules get killed?
They are killed by NK cells because the T cells have no way of connecting to them
232
Where were T lymphocytes "birthed"
Red bone marrow as undifferentiated stem cells
233
Where do T lymphocytes mature ? How?
Thymus , Reticulo-endothelial cells secret thymosins to stimulate these T cells to produce surface antigen receptors . they then are immunocompetent
234
True or false T cells are trained to recognize self from non self via MHC proteins
True
235
Define clonal deletion
self-reactive cells are eliminated by macrophages
236
Define anergy
cells that are non-reactive to self move on to medulla for further training
237
Define naive lymphocytes
immunocompetent but have not encountered foreign antigen
238
True or false Naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and colonize the various lymphatic tissues
True
239
True or false helper T cells Plays a key role in humoral and nonspecific immunity
True
240
Define Cytokines
short-acting soluble mediators of the immune system
241
Only Killer T Cells directly attack enemy cells
True
242
What are the 5 lethal hits a Killer T can do
Release perforin, a protein inserts into enemy plasma membrane, creates holes2. Lymphotoxinrelease: kills target cell by destroying DNA(protection from viral or cancer DNA)3. Tumor necrosis factor: kills cancer cells in 2-3 days4. Migration-inhibiting factorand Macrophage activating factor: lymphokines keeps macrophages in the area5. Release of interferon
243
What do suppressor T cells do?
As pathogen disappears, slows down immune reaction
244
True or false B cells Fight extracellular pathogens-not infected cells
True
245
True or false without Helper T cells neither branch of immunity can be successful
True
246
Define hypersensitivity (allergy )
Excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate
247
Define Alloimmunity
Tissues transplanted from another person
248
Define asthma
local inflammatory reaction to inhaled allergens
249
Define Anaphylactic shock
immediate and severe wide spread acute hypersensitivity to allergens like bee stings, peanuts, shell fish,
250
What happens to the body during anaphylactic shock
bronchiolar constriction, dyspnea, vasodilation, circulatory shock, death
251
Why does epinephrine help anaphylactic shocks?
Dilates bronchioles, increase CO, and restores blood pressur
252
Why does Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
To block effects of Histamine on the bronchial smooth muscle
253
Whats type 1 hypersesitivity?
immediate , most common
254
Whats type 2 hypersensitivity?
Transfusion and drug reactions, are an example
255
Type 3 chypersensitivity ?
Widespread antigen-antibody complexingthat precipitate beneath the endotheliumof he blood vessels or other tissuesComplexes trigger intense inflammation and tissue destructio
256
Type 4 hypersensitivity
cell mediated reaction 12 to 72 hour delay
257
What are the first symptoms of AIDs ?
flulike chills and fever and
