Blood vessels

Question 1

Describe the most common circulatory route

Answer 1

heart →arteries →arterioles→capillaries→venules →veins

Question 2

What is a portal system ?

Answer 2

blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart

Question 3

What are three places where you can find portal systems?

Answer 3

hypothalamus -anterior pituitary, in kidneys, and between intestines and liver

Question 4

What is an Arteriovenous shunt and where are some places you can find them?

Answer 4

artery directly to vein you can find shunts fingers, toes, ears.

Question 5

What is the purpose of a Arteriovenous?

Answer 5

allows blood to bypass exposed areas during cold in order to preserve heat

Question 6

What is Venous anastomosis ? whats its purpose?

Answer 6

alternate drainage of organs , alternate routes are to insure the blood goes back to the heart.

Question 7

What is Arterial anastomosis? Whats its purpose?

Answer 7

Collateral circulation, alternate routes to the organs to insure blood to the organs.

Question 8

True or false Venous anastomosis is more common than Arterial anastomosis

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What are the three layers of the vessel wall?

Answer 9

Tunica externa ,Tunica media ,Tunica interna

Question 10

Which Tunica anchors down the vessel?

Answer 10

Tunica Externa

Question 11

Which Tunica provides passage for small nerves, lymphatics, and smaller blood vessels(vasa vasorum) that supply blood to outer half of wall ?

Answer 11

Tunica Externa

Question 12

Which Tunica’s inner half is nourished by diffusion of luminal blood?

Answer 12

Tunica Externa

Question 13

Which Tunica is the thickest layer and consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and sometimes elastic tissue ?

Answer 13

Tunica Media

Question 14

Which Tunica has smooth muscle responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 14

Tunica Media

Question 15

Which Tunica inner layer is exposed to blood and consists of a simple squamous endothelium overlaying a basement membrane and a sparse layer of fibrous c.t

Answer 15

Turnica Interna

Question 16

True or False Tunica Interna acts as a selectively permeable barrier to blood solutes?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Which Tunica secretes vasoconstrictors and vasodilators and provides a smooth inner lining that repels blood cells and platelets

Answer 17

Tunica Interna

Question 18

True or false Arteries are more muscular than veins and appear relatively round in tissue sections

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Arteries are divided into three categories by size. What are they ?

Answer 19

conducting (elastic) ,distributing (muscular), and resistance (small)

Question 20

What are the three conducting arteries?

Answer 20

pulmonary, aorta, and common cartotids

Question 21

True or false Conducting arteries expand when the ventricles pump blood into them during systole and recoil during diastole

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What are Distributing (muscular) arteries? What do they branch off of?

Answer 22

smaller branches of conducting arteries farther away from the heart that distribute blood to specific organs

Question 23

What are Resistance (small) arteries?

Answer 23

primary points at which the body controls the relative amounts of blood directed to various organs

Question 24

what are Metarterioles ? What do they have encircling the capillary entrance?

Answer 24

short vessels that link arterioles (tiny arterioles ) and capillaries (tiniest vessels(not veins!) ). Pre-capillary sphincter.

Question 25

True or false Capillaries are the only point where materials are exchanged between blood and tissue.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or false capillaries consist of only endothelium(one cell thick) and basement membrane

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What are the three types of capillaries ?

Answer 27

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids.

Question 28

Describe continuous capillaries

Answer 28

endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts (allow passage of solutes) . In the brain it only allows glucose out

Question 29

True or false Continuous capillaries occur in most tissues

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Describe fenestrated capillaries

Answer 30

can be found in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration; –endothelial cells have filtration pores (fenestrations) that allow passage of small molecules

Question 31

Because fenestrated capillaries have a lot of pores what organs would you most likely find them ? Hint(filtration)

Answer 31

Kidneys and small intestines

Question 32

Describe sinusoids

Answer 32

irregular blood-filled spaces; some have EXTRA LARGE fenestrations, allow proteins and blood cells to enter

Question 33

True or false veins have much lower blood pressure, thinner walls, collapse when empty(appear flatten ) than arteries

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What are capacitance vessels?

Answer 34

Veins they hold blood when heart is at rest .They stay there because veins expand and accommodate easier than arteries.

Question 35

What are the two types of veins?

Answer 35

venules and venous sinuses

Question 36

Describe venules

Answer 36

quite porous, exchanges fluid with tissues, like a capillary, at this point only

Question 37

Describe venous sinuses

Answer 37

veins with thin walls, large lumens, no smooth muscle

Question 38

Flow of blood back to the heart depends on what 5 things?

Answer 38

messaging of skeletal muscle, one-way-valves, thoracic(respiratory)pump, cardiac suction, and gravity .

Question 39

Define Perfusion

Answer 39

rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue. Important for delivery of nutrients, O2, and removal of metabolic waste

Question 40

Define Peripheral resistance

Answer 40

is the resistance that the blood encounters in the vessels as it travels away from the heart

Question 41

What are the three variables that contribute to peripheral resistance

Answer 41

Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius

Question 42

Define blood viscosity and its two major contributors

Answer 42

Thickness of the blood; due mainly to erythrocytes and albumin

Question 43

When referring to a vessels length, the following statement is True or False? The farther a liquid travels through a tube, the more cumulative friction it encounters

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False, Vessel radius is the only significant way of controlling peripheral resistance

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Define Vasomotion

Answer 45

A change in vessel radius

Question 46

Define Vasoconstriciton

Answer 46

Smooth muscle contraction, when blood vessels constrict

Question 47

Define Vasodilation

Answer 47

Smooth muscle relaxation, when blood vessels dilate

Question 48

Define Laminar in terms of blood flow

Answer 48

It flows in layers that is faster near the center and slower near the walls where it drags against the vessel

Question 49

What is hypertension and what are some effects ?

Answer 49

High chronic resting pressure >140/90. Can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysm

Question 50

What is Hypo-tension and what are some effects ?

Answer 50

chronic low resting BP; causes blood loss, dehydration, anemia

Question 51

Which one of the peripheral resistance variables are we able to control, for the most part ?

Answer 51

Radius, vasoconstriction or vasodialation

Question 52

What are the three controls of blood pressure regulation?

Answer 52

Local control•Neural control•Hormonal control

Question 53

Define Local control (auto regulation)

Answer 53

the ability of tissue to regulate their own blood supply according to its metabolic needs

Question 54

vessels that have local control are able to determine how much blood supplies them by what kind of chemicals that either constrict or dilate the vessel? What are some examples?

Answer 54

Vasoactive chemicals .histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins (vasodialters )endothelins (vasoconstrictors)

Question 55

Define reactive hyperemia, what kind of control does it have ?

Answer 55

increase flow above normal to a tissue when flow is cut off for a time (ex: when skin flushes after a person comes in from the cold) LOCAL control

Question 56

Define Angiogenesis

Answer 56

the process where a tissue increases its own perfusion by the growth of new blood vessels

Question 57

Give examples of angiogenesis

Answer 57

* regrowth of the uterine lining after menstruation * generation of blood vessels in the muscles of well-conditioned athletes * growth of arterial bypasses around obstruction in the coronary circulation * malignant tumors secrete growth factors to provide more nourishment