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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Autonomic system > Flashcards

Autonomic system Flashcards

1
Q

The PNS branches off into what to systems?

A

Autonomic and Somatic system

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2
Q

Is the somatic system voluntary or involuntary ?

A

The somatic system is voluntary it relays info to and from skin and skeletal muscles.

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3
Q

Is the autonomic system voluntary or involuntary?

A

The autonomic system is involuntary it relays information to internal organs.

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4
Q

The autonomic system branches off into what two systems?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic system control? What does the parasympathetic system control?

A

Sympathetic Controls organs in time of stress: Relays information to internal organs . Parasympathetic controls organs when the body is at rest.

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6
Q

The Autonomic Motor nervous system controls glands, cardiac and smooth muscle . What would be the other name for this system?

A

The other name for the autonomic motor nervous system is the visceral motor system.

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7
Q

The ANS regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis . What are some examples of these?

A

blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory airflow

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8
Q

What are biofeedback techniques?

A

training that teaches some people to control hypertension, stress and migraine headaches.

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9
Q

What are visceral reflexes ?

A

Unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle

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10
Q

Receptors for visceral reflexes detect what kind of stimuli ? What are some examples ?

A

Internal stimuli. EX: stretch, blood chemicals, body temperature

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11
Q

What are effectors ?

A

Glands, smooth or cardiac muscle

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12
Q

True or False ANS modifies effector activity ?

A

True, ANS doesn’t not cause the activity, it just modifies it. EX: high blood pressure activates a visceral baroreflex

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13
Q

Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels are signs of what autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic system

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14
Q

What autonomic system assist in bodily maintenance, digestion and waste elimination ?

A

Parasympathetic system

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15
Q

Effects of Sym and Para depend upon the release of what?

A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Define Autonomic Tone?

A

Both systems acting simultaneously on the same target organ.

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17
Q

Is Autonomic Tone a perfect balance between Sym and Para ? If not, what determines the unequal balance?

A

False , although it is possible it is mostly and unequal balance because shifts of predominance are determined by mental and physiological states .

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18
Q

How many neurons span the distance from CNS to effectors?

A

There are two neurons. • The presynaptic neuron cell body in CNS ( brain or spinal cord) and postsynaptic neuron cell body in peripheral ganglion

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19
Q

What kind of ganglion is defined as a string of paired autonomic ganglia lying alongside the spinal cord from the base of the skull to the coccyx (one on each side of the cord)

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglion

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20
Q

How are sympathetic chain gangion connected to spinal nerves?

A

By Rami

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21
Q

What kind of ganglion are located near the organs they serve ?

A

They are Autonomic ganglion called collateral ganglion

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22
Q

What kind of ganglion are located within the substance of the organs they serve?

A

Autonomic ganglion called terminal ganglion.

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23
Q

Where do sympathetic presynaptic neurons originate?

A

lateral horns of gray matter of thoracic to lumbar cord (T1-L2)

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24
Q

Name the three variety of pathways of preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system

A
  1. they enter ganglia & synapse 2. They travel to higher or lower ganglia & synapse 3. They pass through chain without synapsing to reach collateral ganglia via splanchnic nerves.
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25
Q

Define neuronal divergence

A

preganglionic cells synapse with multiple post ganglionic cells . This produces a widespread effect on multiple organs.

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26
Q

True or False there is a simple one to one relationship between pre and post ganglionic neurons.

A

False

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27
Q

Define neuronal convergence

A

Each postganglionic cell may receive synapses from

multiple preganglionic cells

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28
Q

True or false Neuronal divergence allows sympathetic

division to have a relatively widespread effect

A

True , divergent starts off simple and spreads out

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29
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic division?

A

It is also called the Thoracolumbar division because they arise from the thoracic
and lumbar regions of the cord

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30
Q

True or false the sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long
postganglionic fibers

A

True

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31
Q

Where are the preganglionic somas in the sympathetic division ?

A

lateral horns and nearby regions of gray matter

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32
Q

How do fibers in the sympathetic division exit?

A

fibers exit by way of spinal nerves

T1-L2

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33
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibers lead to?

A

fibers lead to sympathetic chain of
ganglia(paravertebral ganglia)
along each side of the cord.

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34
Q

True or false sympathetic consists of Short, lightly myelinated preganglionic neurons?

A

True

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35
Q

True or false sympathetic division consists of Long

, unmyelinated postganglionic neurons

A

True

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36
Q

In the sympathetic division what are the ganglion closest to?

A

spinal cord

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37
Q

True or false white & gray communicating rami suspend ganglia from spinal nerve

A

True

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38
Q

How many paths can a preganglionic fiber in the sympathetic division take? what are they?

A

There are three different paths . The preganglionic fiber may synapse IN the ganglion, The preganglionic fiber may pass through sympathetic ganglion without synapsing and synapse in a more distant ganglion, Lastly a preganglionic neuron can ascend or descend to another ganglion .

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39
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers(Post ganglionic) leave the paravertebral ganglia by what three routes?

A

spinal nerves,sympathetic nerves and, splanchnic nerves

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40
Q

How do post ganglionic fibers leave while exiting the spinal nerve?

A

postganglionic fibers exit by way of the gray ramus, return to the spinal nerve or its subdivision, and travel the rest of the way to the target organ

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41
Q

What post ganglionic route innervates most effectors in the body wall?

A

The spinal route innervates sweat glands, piloerector muscles,blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles.

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42
Q

Which Nerve originates from T5-T12 and passes through the chain without synapsing ?

A

Splanchnic Nerve

43
Q

How do post ganglionic fibers leave when exiting through the sympathetic nerve route?

A

postganglionic fibers leave by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels

44
Q

What are the three major collateral ganglia?

A

celiac, superior mesentric , and inferior mesentric

45
Q

What do the unmyelinated postganglionic axons of the ciliac ganglion innervate?

A

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small intestine, and the ascending and transverse colon

46
Q

What does the inferior mesentric ganglion innervate?

A

the viscera of the distal intestines and pelvis

47
Q

What does the superior mesentric ganglion innervate?

A

proximal intestine and abdominal organs.

48
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Paired glands sit on superior pole of each kidney

49
Q

What part of the Adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones ?

A

The cortex of the Adrenal gland

50
Q

The sympathetic system and adrenal glands work together and form what system?

A

The Sympathoadrenal system

51
Q

Where do preganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic system originate?

A

The pons and medulla oblongata for crnial nuclei and spinal cord segments S2-S4

52
Q

What cranial nerves run along the pathwyas of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

A

CN’s III, VII, IX, & X

53
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(III)

A

Oculomotor nerve, narrows pupil and focuses lens

54
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(VII)

A

Facial nerve, regulates secretion of tears, lacrimal, and 2 salivary glands

55
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(IX)

A

Glossalpharyngeal nerve, regulates parotid salivary gland

56
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(X)

A

Vagus nerve, muscles, and glands of the viscera as far inferiorly as the proximal half of the colon

57
Q

True or false In the parasympathetic nervous system pre ganglionic nerves are long

A

true

58
Q

True or false In the parasympathetic nervous system post ganglionic nerves are short

A

true

59
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The NS of the digestive track

60
Q

True or false the Enteric NS has its own reflex arcs

A

True

61
Q

What , in specific , does the enteric system do?

A

Regulates motility of viscera and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid in concert with the ANS

62
Q

What , in specific , does the enteric system do?

A

Regulates motility of viscera and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid in concert with the ANS

63
Q

What two plexus does the enteric NS form?

A

myenteric, and submucosal plexus

64
Q

True or false does the enteric system arise from the brain stem or spinal cord?

A

False

65
Q

What does the Enteric NS innervate? (same as ANS)

A

Smooth muscle and glands

66
Q

The Myenteric and submocosal plexus Controls activity of gastrointestinal tract in three ways

A

Controls intestinal peristalsis, modulating blood flow through gut, and regulates the release of secretions from the gastrointestinal glands.

67
Q

True or false , the gastrointestinal activities can be influenced by the parasympathetic system only.

A

False both the sympathetic and parasympathetic can influence the gastrointestinal activities.

68
Q

What determines the effects of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The types of neurotransmitters, and types of receptors on target cells.

69
Q

Which subdivision of the Autonomic system has longer lasting effects because it reaches the bloodstream before being broken down?

A

The sympathetic NS .

70
Q

What are the two classifications of neurotransmitters in the ANS?

A

Cholinergic and Adrenergic

71
Q

ACh binds to what two classes of cholinergic receptor?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

72
Q

Where can you find nicotinic receptors? And are they inhibitory or excitatory ?

A

Occur on all ANS postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions( skeletal muscle) . Excitatory

73
Q

Where can you find Muscarinic receptor? Are they inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Occurs on all glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle . It can be either excitatory or inhibitory

74
Q

True or false . Cholinergic receptors are found on dendrites and cell bodies of the entire ANS However can only be found in the target organs of ONLY the Parasympathetic NS

A

True

75
Q

Is the mechanism for action in a cholinergic receptor Indirect? Or Direct?

A

Direct, a neurotransmitter binds and the ion gates open

76
Q

Is the mechanism for action in a Muscarinic receptor Indirect? Or Direct?

A

Indirect, Muscarinic receptors use G proteins as their signaling mechanism, which begin an information cascade within the cell.

77
Q

How do Muscarinic Receptor Effect Cariac muscle ?

A

Slows heart rate and strength of contraction

78
Q

How doMuscarinic Receptor Effect the digestive system?

A

Increases digestive activity including secretions & peristalsis.

79
Q

How do Muscarinic Receptor Effect the eye

A

Causes constriction of Iris

80
Q

The NT neuropinephrine binds to what two classes of receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors

81
Q

What is the difference between Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha is exitatory and Beta is inhibitory

82
Q

What are the sub classes to Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors?

A

There is Alpha 1 &2 and Beta 1&2 Adrenergic receptors

83
Q

What do Beta receptors activate?

A

Cyclic AMP

84
Q

What does Alpha 2 suppress?

A

cAMP production

85
Q

What does Alpha 1 use as a second messenger?

A

calcium ions

86
Q

What is the stimulation of Alpha receptors associated with ?

A

Constriction of small blood vessels in the bronchial mucosa

87
Q

What is the stimulation of Beta receptors associated with ?

A

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscles which cause the bronchi of the lungs to dilate and cause an increase in the rate and force of heart contractions

88
Q

In the sympathetic system where are the ganglia located and what are their names?

A

Located Paravertebral, and its name is sympathetic chain ganglia

89
Q

In the Parasympathetic system where are the ganglia located and what are their names?

A

Located Prevertebral, and their names are Colleteral and Terminal ganglions

90
Q

In the Sympathetic system Preganglionic axons are ____ while Postganglionic axons are ____.

A

Short, Long

91
Q

In the Parasympathetic system Preganglionic axons are ____ while Postganglionic axons are ____.

A

Long, Short

92
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic system, Postganglionic ?

A

Norepinephrne

93
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the Parasympathetic system, Postganglionic ?

A

ACh

94
Q

What are the three special ganglia in the Sympathetic system ?

A

Superior, middle, & inferior cervical; celiac; superior, inferior mesenteric

95
Q

What are the four special ganglia in the Parasympathetic system ?

A

Ciliary, Pterygopalantine, Submandibular, Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

96
Q

What is Sympathetic tone ?

A

A baseline firing frequency, the average firing frequency

97
Q

Define Vasoconstriction

A

Increase in firing frequency

98
Q

Define Vasodilation

A

Decrease in firing frequency

99
Q

What is the point of Vasomotor tone?

A

It shifts blood flow from one organ to another according to its needs. EX: sympathetic stimulation increases blood to skeletal and cardiac muscle, reduced blood to skin.

100
Q

True or False Lacrimal glands are innervated by parasympathetic only !

A

TRUE

101
Q

What can respond directly to sensory input from cardiac, vasomotor, and GI tract?

A

Reticular formation and brain stem

102
Q

Sympathomimetics ___ sympathetic activity and___receptors or norepinephrine release

A

enhance , stimulate

103
Q

Sympatholytics ____ sympathetic activity

____receptors or norepinephrine release

A

Suppress, inhibit

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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