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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous system branches off into what two separate systems?

A

Central nervous system and

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What consists of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) branches off into what two divisions?

A

Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor) division.

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4
Q

What do sensory (afferent) nerves do?

A

Sensory nerves transmit messages from sensors to CNS . They are located at the ends of the peripheral nerves that detect external and internal environmental changes and relays info to the brain.

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5
Q

What do motor (efferent) nerves do?

A

transmit messages from CNS to effectors for example muscles that contract or glands that secrete.

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6
Q

what are the three fundamental types of neurons? Which make up 90% of our neurons and what do they do?

A

Sensory, inter-neurons, and motor neurons.

Inter-neurons make up 90% they process, store and retrieve information .

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7
Q

What are the fundamental properties of neurons?

A

Excitability, conductivity, and secretion.

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8
Q

What is Grey matter? Where can it be found?

A

Grey matter consists of neurons and their cell bodies. It forms surface layer and deeper masses in the brain and is the H-shaped core of the spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is White matter? Where can it be found?

A

White matter consists of myelinated axons from many cell bodies. Lies deep to grey matter in the brain and is surrounding grey in the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Define Nuclei

A

groups of neuron cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS

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11
Q

Define Nerve and Ganglion

A

Nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers in connective tissue
Ganglion is a swelling of cell bodies in a nerve
* both of these definitions are specifically for the PNS only !

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12
Q

The nervous system consists of what two types of cells .

A

Neurons, and Neuroglia.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of Neuroglia cells?

A

Neuroglia cells support and protect neurons. They are generally much smaller and outnumber neurons 5-50 times.

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14
Q

What are the 6 different types of neuroglia cells? which two are in the PNS? Which is the most abundant and functionally diverse

A

Astrocytes, oligodendroctes, microglia, epedymal, schwann, and satellite cells. Schwann and satellite cells are in the PNS. Astrocytes are the most abundant and functionally diverse.

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15
Q

What are the 3 distinct parts of the neuron?

A

Call body, dendrites, and axon.

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16
Q

Define Axon hillock

A

where an axon originates

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17
Q

Describe a multi polar neuron

A

A multipolar neuron is the most common and consists of many dendrites and ONE axon

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18
Q

Describe a Bi polar neuron

A

a bipolar neuron consists of one dendrite, one axon, and can be found in the retina, ear, and olefactory

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19
Q

Describe a Uni polar neuron

A

a Unipolar neuron consists of a long myelinated fiber bypassing. This structure look similar to all the other except the soma is not directly penetrated by the axon

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20
Q

Describe an Anaxonic neuron, its purpose, and where it can be found.

A

An Anaxonic neuron has multiple dendrites but lacks an axon . The neuron does not produce action potentials and communicates via dendrites. They can be found in the brain, adrenal medulla, and retina.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of oligodendrocytes? Are they in the CNS or PNS ?

A

Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the CNS by wrapping around the nerve fibers.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of Astrocytes. Are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  • Most abundant , in CNS
  • Help form blood brain barrier with perivascular feet that stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions
  • Participates in metabolism of neurotransmitters
  • Regulate nerve growth and can form brain scar tissue
  • Convert glucose into lactate for neuronal nourishment
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23
Q

What does the Blood Brain Barrier consist of? What doe is do?

A

BBB consists of a capillary wall and astrocyte processes. The BBB regulates the passage of substances into the brain

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24
Q

What is the purpose of Ependymal cells? Are they in the CNS or PNS?

A

They produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid , line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of spinal cord. Found in the CNS.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of microglia cells? Are they in the CNS or PNS?

A

microglia cells phagocytic cells (ingest harmful shit) and are active in response ti inflammation and concentrate in areas of infection, trauma, or stroke. In CNS

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26
Q

What is the purpose of Schwann cells ? Are they in the CNS or PNS?

A

Schwann cells cover an axon and produce myleins sheaths in the PNS.

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27
Q

What is th epurpose of satellite cells? are they in the CNS or PNS?

A

They provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment. They surround neuron call bodies in ganglia of the PNS

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28
Q

When does myelination begin?

A

Begins during fetal development, but proceeds most rapidly in infancy.

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29
Q

Define Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin segments

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30
Q

Where is the Trigger Zone in a neuron?

A

The area before the 1st schwann cell AND axon hillock where signals begin.

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31
Q

What determines the speed of signals along nerve fibers?

A

the diameter of the nerve fiber and the presence or absence of myelin sheaths.

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32
Q

What are slow signaled neurons for?

A

they supply the stomach and dilate pupils

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33
Q

What are fast signaled neurons for?

A

supply skeletal muscles and transport sensory signals for vision and balance

34
Q

What does the neuron doctrine sate ?

A

Nerve pathways are not a continuous wire but a series of separate cells ?

35
Q

define electrical current?

A

flow of charged particles from one point to another within in the cell.

36
Q

Resting potential voltage?

A

-70 mV

37
Q

Explain the Sodium/Potassium pump.

A

pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2K+ , works continuously and requires great ATP, essential to keep the cell prepped for Action potentials.

38
Q

Describe Local potential

A

occurs when neuron is stimulated by chemicals , light, heat, or mechanical disturbances. sodium diffuses for a short distance inside the membrane.

39
Q

what is Depolarization

A

A positive shift in potential due to the opening of gated sodium channels.

40
Q

How are local potentials different from action potentials?

A

Local potentials are graded , decremental (get weaker the further they spread) , and are reversible as the k+ diffuses out the cell. ,

41
Q

Are local potentials excitatory or inhibitory

A

They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.

42
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

A negative shift in the cell , becoming even more negative.

43
Q

Where on the axon are the gated channels the closest together ?

A

The axon helox

44
Q

Threshold potential voltage?

A

-55 mV

45
Q

How are action potentials different from local potentials.

A

all- or -none law, nondecremental (don’t get weaker with distance) , are irreversible aka loaded gun pulling the trigger.

46
Q

Define the refractory period, Absolute refractory, and relative refractory.

A

Period of resistance to stimulation, no matter what it aint happening, only especially strong stimulus will trigger the AP.

47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

jumps over nodes of ranvier *look in book

48
Q

Define summation

A

the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their effects

49
Q

what are the three major categories for neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, Amino acids, and monoamines.

50
Q

What are Neuropeptides ?

A

Neuropeptides are chains of 2 to 4 amino acids that modify actions of neurotransmitters.

51
Q

Where are neuropeptides stored? Are they smaller or larger than synaptic vesicles?

A

They are stored in axon terminals and are large secretory granules. They have longer lasting effects than neurotransmitters. *look in book

52
Q

What are the four different mechanisms that neurotransmitters can be stopped by? How do they work?

A

Diffusion: NT drifts away from SC, Enzymatic degradation: The enzyme changes the shape of the NT so it no longer fits in the receptor , glial cells: astrocytes remove neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft , and reuptake: whole neurotransmitter is taken back into the axon terminal and broken down by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase.

53
Q

What is MAO?

A

Monoamine oxidase , breaks down neurotransmitters once they have been reuptaken in the presynaptic bulb

54
Q

What are Neuromodulators?

A

They modify synaptic transmission, controls by raising or lowering the #of receptors, alters neurotransmitters release, synthesis or breakdown.

55
Q

What does Nitric Oxide stimulate?

A

The release of neurotransmitters.

56
Q

Neural integration(combining stuff) is ———

A

postsynaptic potentials produced by NT.

57
Q

What does Nitric Oxide stimulate?

A

The release of NT.

58
Q

Glumate and Aspartate are what kinds of NT?

A

Excitatory NT

59
Q

Glycine and GABA are what kind of NT?

A

Inhibitory NT

60
Q

ACh and norepinephrine are what kind of NT?

A

They vary depending on the cell

61
Q

Describe Temporal Summation.

A

local potentials going back to back till it reaches the threshold, causing an action potential .

62
Q

Describe Spatial summation.

A

Several different synapses add up to threshold at the axon hillock.

63
Q

Define Facilitation, what is the opposite of facilitation

A

a process In which the neuron enhances the effect on another one : presynaptic inhibition, when one presynaptic neuron suppresses another

64
Q

What are the two ways of quantitative coding?

A

Based on the intensity of the stimulus and the frequency of firing

65
Q

Explain discharged and facilitated zone

A

Discharge zone is a single cell producing firing

Facilitated zone is a single cell making it easier for the postsynaptic cell to fire

66
Q

What is a neuronal pool ?

A

thousands to millions of interneurons that share a specific body function Ex. control rhythm of breathing.

67
Q

Define Diverging Circuit

A

A cell starts of simple and gets complicated by synapsing to other cell who then in turn synapse with more.

68
Q

Define Converging Circuit

A

A complex connection of synapses simplify into just one neuron

69
Q

Define Reverberating circuit

A

neurons stimulate eachother in a line but one bends and restimulates the 1st cell again to restart the process(thing of a circle )

70
Q

Define parallel after-discharge circuit

A

beginning neuron (input) will send signal to many other neurons that will synapse with an ending neuron(output) . After the beginning neuron stops the ending neuron keep going cause its still receiving messages from all the connecting neurons

71
Q

What is a memory trace/engram?

A

A pathway of cells, the physical basis of memory.

72
Q

Define synaptic potentiation

A

the process of making transmission easier. Correlates with all types of memory.

73
Q

What are the three kinds of memory?

A

Immediate, short, and long term memory.

74
Q

What kind of memory allows you the ability to hold information in your thoughts for just a few seconds? What kind of circuit is associated with this kind of memory ?

A

Immediate memory and reverberating circuit

75
Q

How long does short term memory last? What kind of circuit is associated with this kind of memory?

A

few seconds to a few hours, can be quickly forgotten if distracted and uses reverberating circuit.

76
Q

How long does long term memory last? What two kinds of memory does Long term memory branch of to and what do they do specifically.

A

Long term memory can last a life time. It branches off into Declarative,retention of facts such as texts or words and procedural , retention of motor skills (like the key board)

77
Q

What kind of memory does physical remodeling of synapses with new branching of axons and dendrites.

A

Long term memory

78
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

A

the symptoms are memory loss of recent events, they are pugnacious and eventually lose the ability to talk walk and eat.

79
Q

What disease during an autopsy will show atrophy of the gyri folds, neurofibrilary tangles, and senile plaque?

A

Alzheimer disease.

80
Q

What disease has progressive loss of motor function due to degeneration of dopamine - releasing neurons in the substantia nigra ? And how is this disease treated?

A

Parkinson’s disease, they can either have surgery to stop the tremors, or give medication (deprenyl slows neuronal degeneration) .

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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