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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

When referring to the brain what do the directional terms Rostral and caudal mean?

A

Rostral is towards the forehead and caudal is towards the cord .

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2
Q

During development what do cells from the neural crest differentiate into?

A

neural sensory cells,​sympathetic neurons,​Schwann cells, ​and other types of cells​.

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3
Q

What percent of the neurons are in the cerebellum ?

A

Fifty percent!

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4
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

3 to 3.5 pounds

M

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5
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure do?

A

It separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.

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6
Q

What are the gyri and sulci of the brain?

A

The Gyri are the folds and sulci are the grooves.

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7
Q

What is the surface layer of grey matter in the brain called?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

What are the deeper masses of the gray matter called?

A

nucei

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9
Q

What are bundles of axons ( white matter ) called ?

A

Tracts

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10
Q

The dura consists of what two layers? What is in between those layers?

A

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer , in between is the Dural venous sinuses .

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11
Q

True or false there is a epidural space in between the periosteal layer and the cranial bone

A

False the perisoteal lies close to the bone.

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12
Q

The meningeal layer continue son to the vertebral column and forms what structures?

A

falx cerebri, tentorium, cerebelli, and falx cerebelli

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the the dural venous sinus? Where does this fluid drain?

A

collects blood that has circulated throughout the brain (CSF is produced off of this used blood) . The venous sinuses drain into the jugular veins.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms or signs of meningitis?

A

High fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headache that may progress into a coma.

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15
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed ?

A

Diagnosed by examining the CSF . They look at the white blood cells to determine if the infection is viral or bacterial , gram staining will demonstrate if bacterial .

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16
Q

How many ventricles does the brain have ? What are they ?

A

There are two lateral ventricles, a third and forth

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17
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

There is one lateral ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere .

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18
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

Beneath the corpus callosum and surrounded by the thalamus

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19
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

between the hemispheres of the cerebellum

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20
Q

Where is the central canal located and what type of cells line the walls?

A

central canal runs through the spinal cord and is lined with ependymal cells that produce CSF

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21
Q

What are the functions of CSF ?

A

Buoyancy (floats brain), protection(cushion from hitting the inside of the skull), and chemical stability (rinses away waste)

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22
Q

How and from where does CSF escape?

A

CSF escapes from the fourth ventricle and surrounds the brain, it is absorbed by arachnoid villa into the venous sinuses

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23
Q

What is another name for the medulla oblangata, cerebellum, pons?

A

Hindbrain, rhombencephalon

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24
Q

Where are the nuclei of sensory and motor cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII)

A

Medulla Oblangata A.K.A. hindbrain

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25
Q

Where are the nuclei of sensory and motor cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII)

A

Pons

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26
Q

What two structures in the brain sends and receives information to the motor cortex via the thalamus?

A

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

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27
Q

The output of the _______ is Excitatory while the output of the _______ Inhibitory. The balance between these two systems allows smooth coordinated movement

A

Cerebellum Excitatory and Basal Ganglia Inhibitory. A disturbance in either system will show up as movement disorders (Parkinson)

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28
Q

What are the three cerebellar peduncles and where do they go?

A

Superior P to the midbrain, Middle P to the pons, Inferior P to the medulla oblangata

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the superior peduncle on the cerebellum ?

A

Information to the thalamus and brain stem

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30
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

sends corrective feed back to motor cortex (ease dropper) Got information from proprioceptors about actual movements

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31
Q

What is white matter in regards to the cerebellum ?

A

Arbor vitae

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32
Q

Define Dysmetria

A

The inability to correctly judge distance . This happens due to cerebellar lesions

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33
Q

Define dysdiadokinesis

A

inability to carry out fast alternating movements This happens due to cerebellar lesions .

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34
Q

Define Nystagmus

A

eye condition characterized by rapid , jerky eye movements. This happens due to cerebellar lesions

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35
Q

Define Dysarthria

A

speech disorder characterized by slow, weak imprecise , and uncoordinated.This happens due to cerebellar lesions

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36
Q

Define Hypotonia

A

Abnormally low muscle tone .This happens due to cerebellar lesions

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37
Q

What is the main mass of the midbrain?

A

The Tegmentum

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38
Q

Where is the Tegmentum Located?

A

It is between the cerebral peduncles and cerebral aqueducts

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39
Q

What does the red nucleus aid in and what muscles does it control ?

A

It aids in the unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities. It mostly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm

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40
Q

Why is the red nucleus pink?

A

Because of a rich blood supply

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41
Q

What do you call the tracts that are from the red nucleus to the cerebellum ?

A

Rubrospinal tract

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42
Q

Define substantia nigra

A

A nuclear mass between the tegmentum and cerebral peduncles.

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43
Q

The substantia nigra sends what kind of signals to the thalamus and basal ganglia

A

Inhibitory signals

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44
Q

Define the location of the Tectum

A

Roof, dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct

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45
Q

The superiors and inferior colliculi are called what ?

A

Corpora Quadrigemina

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46
Q

Which colliculi is responsible for reflexive turning the head toward visual input and tracking moving objects ?

A

Superior colliculus

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47
Q

Which colliculi is responsible for reflexive turning of head to sound

A

Inferior colliculus

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48
Q

What does the reticular activating system do?

A

Clusters of gray matter scattered throughout the pons, midbrain & medulla. Regulates balance and posture, allows you to tract moving objects, regulates sleep and conscious attention. Injury leads to irreversible coma

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49
Q

What is another name for the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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50
Q

Describe the thalamus, what it does, and what system it is involved with (hint: Emotion)

A

Oval mass of gray matter protruding into lateral ventricle. Receives all sensory information except olfactory. The limbic system

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51
Q

Describe the Diencephalon and its functions

A

It is the walls & floor of 3rd ventricle. Hormone secretion and pituitary control, autonomic NS control, thermal regulation, Hunger and thirst

52
Q

What percentage of the brain is the gyri and the sulci?(the two hemispheres )

A

83%

53
Q

Why are there folds (gyri) in the cortex?

A

To fit all dat shit in da brain , increase surface area

54
Q

What is the purpose of the Frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary motor functions , planning,mood, smell, and social judgment.

55
Q

What is the purpose of the Parietal lobe?

A

Sensory reception and integration of sensory information

56
Q

What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual center of the brain .

57
Q

What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing, smell, learning, memory, and emotional behavior.

58
Q

Most volume of the cerebrum is white matter true or false?

A

True

59
Q

What are the three kinds of tracts in the brain

A

Projection, commissural, association.

60
Q

Which track forms the internal capsule by extending vertically from the brain to the spinal cord ?

A

Projection Tracts

61
Q

The corpus callosum and anterior/posterior commisures are what type of tract?

A

Commissural tracts , they cross from one hemisphere to the other .

62
Q

Which tracts connects the lobes and gyri of each hemispheres together.

A

Association tracts

63
Q

Which two cells are found in the cerebral cortex? Whatt are their identifying structures ?

A

Stellate cells, dendrites projecting in all directions and Pyramidal cells, an axon that passes out of the area

64
Q

Describe the Basal Ganglia and its basic functions

A

masses of gray matter deep to the cerebral cortex . Its basic functions are receive input from substantia nigra and motor cortex and sends signals back to these regions.

65
Q

The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify what?

A

Movement

66
Q

How do the basal ganglia and cerebellum send and receive information to the motor cortex?

A

They send the information via the thalamus .

67
Q

The balance between what two systems allows for smooth, coordinated movement . A disturbance in either system will show up as a movement disorder .

A

Basal ganglia, and cerebellum

68
Q

Deficit in basal ganglia tend to fall into what two categories?

A

The presence of extraneous unwanted movements (motor noise) or Absence or difficulty with intended movements

69
Q

What are the three symptoms associated with Parkinsons ? A lesion to what would cause parkinsons?

A

Tremors (most apparent at rest), Rigidity (simultaneous contractions of flexors and extensors), And Bradykinesia (difficulty initiating voluntary movement)

70
Q

What results from the degeneration of the caudate and putamen, also known as, chorea

A

Huntingtons disease, Is hereditary and causes lesions in the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia

71
Q

In the limbic system, what do the amygdala and hippocampus do?

A

Amygdala is important in emotions and hippocampus in memory, the others purposes are unknown (fornix & cingulate gyrus)

72
Q

A lesion in the Hippocampus results in ?

A

Inability to form new memories

73
Q

In what two regions are emotions formed?

A

Amygdala and Hypothalamus

74
Q

Define Somesthesia

A

Sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs

75
Q

What gyrus is the somatosensory in ?

A

Postcentral gyrus

76
Q

Explain sensory homunculus

A

Sections of the postcentral gyrus is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is

77
Q

What do association areas interpret ?

A

Sensory information

78
Q

What gyrus is the primary motor area?

A

Precentral Gyrus

79
Q

What is another name for pyramidal cells ?

A

Upper motor neurons and they supply muscles of contralateral sides due decussation (cross over)

80
Q

Explain motor homunculus

A

Sections of the precental gyrus is proportional to number of muscle motor units in a region

81
Q

In what Gyrus can you find the Wernicke’s area?

A

Angular Gyrus, processes text into a form we can speak

82
Q

What does the Broca’s area generate?

A

Motor program for larynx, tongue, cheek, and lips

83
Q

Define Aprosodia and how it is caused

A

Inability to change ones voice to express common emotions such as anger and sadness, caused right hemisphere brain damage in areas that mirror Broca’s and Wernickie’s

84
Q

Define expressive Aphasia, a lesion to what area can cause this?

A

Drunk talk/ slurring entire vocabulary 2-3 words. A lesion to the Broca’s area

85
Q

Define Receptive Aphasia, a lesion to what area can cause this?

A

Speech is normal and excessive but makes little sense. lesion to wernicke’s area

86
Q

Define Anomic Aphasia

A

Speech and understanding are normal but text and pictures dont make sense

87
Q

Input & output remains Ipsilateral except for which two cranial nerves?

A

CN II & IV

88
Q

Name CN (I), its function and what is impaired if damaged

A

Olfactory nerve, provides sense of smell; if damaged cause impaired sense of smell

89
Q

Name CN (II), its function and what is impaired if damaged

A

Optic nerve, provides vision; damage causes blindness in visual field

90
Q

Name CN (III), its function and what is impaired if damaged

A

Oculomotor nerve, provides SOME eye movement (opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, & focusing)
damage causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupils, double vision, difficulty focusing, & inability to move eye in certain directions

91
Q

Name CN (IV), its function and what is impaired if damaged

A

Trochlear nerve, provides eye movement, damage casues double vision and inability to rotate the eye inferolaterally

92
Q

Where does the CN (II) exit the skull

A

Optic canal

93
Q

The Edinger -Westphal nucleus is the source of parasympathetic of what.

A

The eye, which constricts the pupil and accommodates the lens

94
Q

Damage to cranial nerve (III) does what to the pupil? why?

A

The pupil will dilate because the fibers from the Edinger Westphal travel along the (III) CN . Damage could also result in ptosis, and difficult accommodation

95
Q

Define ciliary muscle and its action, which CN is it associated with?

A

Thickens the lends when it relaxes , when its flexes the ligaments pull on the lens making it flat (a curved or “thick lens “ bends light in order to see up close , a flat lens is to see a further distance.) CN (III)

96
Q

Define pupillary constrictor and its action. Which CN is it associated with ?

A

like a butthole, controls amount of light not the retina by constricting (reducing its diameter). CN (III)

97
Q

Define Ptosis

A

Drooping of the eyelid

98
Q

Define Lateral Strabismus (Exotropia)

A

Misaligned eye, medial rectus is paralyzed

99
Q

Define Diplopia

A

Double vision

100
Q

Define Mydriasis

A

Dilated pupil

101
Q

What CN is the ONLY nerve attached to the dorsal aspect of the brain stem?

A

CN (IV) Trochlear nerve

102
Q

Where does the CN IV exit the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

103
Q

Name CN (V), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Trigeminal Nerve, Main sensory nerve to the face(touch, pain, temperature) and muscles of mastication . Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing.

104
Q

The CN(V) is a mixed nerve meaning it has both motor and sensory, however it is primarily which one?

A

Sensory

105
Q

What forms the trigeminal ganglia?

A

CN (V)

106
Q

What three major branches emerge from the trigeminal ganglion ?

A

Ophthalmic nerve (v1) Maxillary nerve(v2) and mandubular nerve(v3)

107
Q

Where do the nerves of the trigeminal ganglian exit the skull?

A

Opthalmic v1 exits through the superior orbital fissure . Maxillary nerve(v2) exits through the foremen rotundum and mandibular nerve exits the skull through foremen ovale

108
Q

Name CN (VI), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Abducens nerve , provides eye movement , damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest rotates medially.

109
Q

What muscle in the eye does CN (VI) supply? Damage to this eye causes what gaze issue?

A

Lateral rectus muscle . Medial strabismus

110
Q

Name CN (VII), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Facial nerve, provides facial expressions, sense of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, salivary glands, and tear, and nasal and palatine glands . Damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste.

111
Q

The facial motor nucleus houses what kind of cell bodies?

A

Muscular efferent nerves

112
Q

The superior salivatory nucleus houses what kind of cell bodies?

A

parasympathetic efferent nerves

113
Q

What kind of cell bodies are found in the geniculate ganglion?

A

general afferent sensation and taste.

114
Q

What of all the foremen is the main one the facial nerve(VII) exits ?

A

stylomastoid foramen

115
Q

What results in a lower motor neuron lesion to the CN (VII) [facial nerve] ? What is this condition called?

A

Results in the paralysis of all muscles of facial expression (including those of the forehead) ipsilateral to the lesion. Bell’s Palsy

116
Q

Name CN (VIII), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve provides hearing and sense of balance. Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance & nystagmus

117
Q

Name CN (IX), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve, controls swallowing, salvation, gagging, & sensations from posterior 1/3 of the tongue. Also controls blood pressure and respiration. Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste & impaired swallowing

118
Q

Name the 5 components of CN (IX) and the foramen it exits the skull from

A
  1. Brachial motor 2. Visceral motor 3. Visceral sensory 4. General sensory 5. Special sensory. Jugular foramen
119
Q

Name CN (X), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Vagus nerve provides swallowing, speech, & regulation of viscera. Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, & fatal if both are cut. Exits the skull through the jugular foramen

120
Q

What CN is the most extensive nerve, consisting of many fibers?

A

CN (X) Vagus nerve

121
Q

Does the Vagus effect internal organs ? True or False

A

True

122
Q

Name CN (XI), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Accessory Nerve provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement. Damage causes head, neck, &shoulder movement [head turns toward injured side] Exits the jugular foramen [along w/vagus]

123
Q

What CN begins outside of the skull rather than the inside?

A

CN (XI) Accessory nerve. Enters foramen magnum and exits the jugular foramen. Only nerve to enter and exit the skull

124
Q

What CN are involved in the gag reflex and how can it be tested?

A

CN (IX) & (X)

125
Q

Name CN (XII), its function and what is impaired if damaged?

A

Hypoglossal nerve provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing. Damage results in inability to protrude tongue, difficulty speaking, & swallowing

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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