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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Define respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells. Ex. use of O2 in cellular metabolism

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2
Q

What are the three processes that make up respiration? Briefly what are their purposes?

A 
pulmonary ventilation(inspiration and expiration)
External respiration(the exchange of gas between the lungs and blood)
Internal respiration(the exchange of gases between the blood and cells)
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3
Q

What are the 6 organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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4
Q

What two structure make up the upper respiratory system?

A

nose, Pharynx (throat)

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5
Q

What four things the lower Respiratory System

A

•larynx (voice box)•Trachea (windpipe)•Bronchi •Lungs

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6
Q

Functionally, the respiratory system consist of what two parts?

A

Conducting portion and respiratory portion

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7
Q

Functionally, what does the Conducting portion responsible for? What is another name for it?

A

a series of interconnected tubes and cavities that conduct air to the lung. Dead space

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8
Q

Functionally, what does the Respiratory portion responsible for?

A

where gas exchange occurs.

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9
Q

Describe the airflow to the lungs (3 steps )

A

bronchi →bronchioles →alveoli

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10
Q

The conducting division serves only for airflow , ___ to ____

A

nostrils to bronchioles

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11
Q

How does the nose help the respiratory system?

A

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air

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12
Q

What are meatuses in the nose?

A

narrow air passage beneath each conchae , ensures air contacts mucous membranes

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13
Q

mucus comes from ______ cells and traps inhaled particles . Bacteria is destroyed by _____.

A

globlet , lysozyme

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14
Q

Define Epistaxis

A

nosebleed , most common in inferior concha

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15
Q

Define sinusitis

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity

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16
Q

How does sinusitis start?

A

starts as a result of blockage of the drainage pathway of the sinuses, cause by an anatomical obstruction, swelling, or chronic sinus infections

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17
Q

What is said to be a “ sore throat” ?

A

Excess mucous, once settled on your nasal and throat lining, can irritate, causing a sore throat, and the belief that you may be coming down with a cold.

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18
Q

Define post nasal drip

A

When excess mucous produced in the sinus cavities drips down the back of the throat

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19
Q

What are some signs of post nasal drip?

A

bad breath, needing to clear throat, feeling of something trapped in back of throat, sore throat that wont develop into illness, small white or yellow crystals in tonsils and nasal congestion.

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20
Q

What can cause port nasal drip ?

A

inhaled irratants, dairy products (mucous thickens), allergies to foods, illnesses,and asthma

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21
Q

True or false the Nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil

A

True

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22
Q

What does the myringotomy/ear tube do?

A

allow air to get into the ear space behind the ear drum.Air is needed in this space to allow the ear drum to move

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23
Q

True or false the Oropharyx contains the lingual and palatine tonsils

A

True

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24
Q

Define epiglottis and what it does

A

Epiglottis-flap of tissue that guards glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus

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25
Q

A short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.

A

Larynx (voicebox)

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26
Q

What is the function o false vocal chords?

A

to hold the breath against pressure in the thorax such as might occur when straining to lift a heavy object.

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27
Q

What is the function of true vocal chords?

A

produce sound

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28
Q

Define tracheostomy

A

emergency airway through the trachea

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29
Q

Define Intubation

A

insertion of a tube through the mouth or nose down through the larnyx and treachea.

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30
Q

True or false right bronchus slightly wider and more vertical (aspiration)

A

True

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31
Q

State the bronchial tree

A

Trachea•Primary Bronchi-right more straight, object caught here.•Secondary Bronchi•Tertiary Bronchi•Bronchioles•Terminal Bronchioles

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32
Q

True or false Bronchioles lack cartilage

A

True ! on exam

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33
Q

Where do alveolar ducts end?

A

alveolar sacs

34
Q

What are Type 1 pneumocytes responsible for?

A

gas exchange in the alveoli and cover a majority of the alveolar surface area

35
Q

True or false Type 1 pneumocytes are the majority of cells in alveolar surface area

A

True

36
Q

What are Type 2 pneumocytes responsible for?

A

production and secretion of surfactant, a phospholipid that reduces the alveolar surface tension

37
Q

What are clara cells , where specifically in the respiratory tract can they be found, and what are they responsible for.

A

non-mucous and non-ciliated secretory cells found in the primary bronchioles of the lungs. They protect the bronchiolar epithelium by secreting a component of surfactant, detoxifying harmful substances, and multiply and differentiateinto ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium

38
Q

What are the three functions of plural fluid?

A

reduction of friction, creation of pressure gradient(lower pressure assists in inflation of lungs), and compartmentalization(prevents spread of infection)

39
Q

What are the five laws?

A

Boyle’s law, Charles law, Dalton law, Henry law, and law of Laplace.

40
Q

Explain Boyles law

A

at a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

41
Q

Explain Charles law

A

the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (as air is heated, it expands-helps expand the lungs as it is heated)

42
Q

Explain Daltons law

A

the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of all the contributing gases in the mixture

43
Q

Explain Henrys law

A

the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air

44
Q

Explain law of Laplace

A

When a liquid surface is spherical, it acts to generate a pressure within the sphere ( alveolar radius)

45
Q

Define vital capacity

A

maximal volume that can be inhaled and exhaled

46
Q

Define aveolar pressure

A

the pressure inside the lungs

47
Q

What muscles are used during deep breathing?

A

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

48
Q

Define passive expiration

A

During quiet breathing, expiration achieved by elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage

49
Q

True or false After inspiration, phrenic nerves continue to stimulate diaphragm to produce a braking action to elastic recoil

A

True

50
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

Presence of air in pleural cavity

51
Q

Define atelectasis

A

Collapse of lung (or part of lung)

52
Q

Define pulmonary compliance

A

distensibility of the lungs

53
Q

Pulmonary surfactant ____ hydrogen bonds and ___ surface tension

A

Disrupts, lowers

54
Q

What prevents aveolars from collapsing?

A

surfactant

55
Q

Define dead air

A

conducting division of airway, cannot exchange gases

56
Q

Explain the valsalva maneuver

A

take a deep breath, hold it and then contract abdominal muscles; increases pressure in the abdominal cavity (when you’re pooping )

57
Q

Define spirometer

A

device a subject breathes into that measures ventilation

58
Q

Define tidal volume

A

air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath

59
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

60
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

61
Q

Define residual volume

A

air remaining after maximum expiration (keeps alveoli inlfated)

62
Q

Define inspiratory capacity

A

Max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

63
Q

Define Functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

64
Q

Neurons in medulla oblongata and pons control _____ ____

A

unconscious breathing

65
Q

voluntary breathing is provided by ___ cortex

A

Motor cortex

66
Q

What are the two respiratory nuclei in the medulla oblongata

A

inspiratory center and expiratory center

67
Q

What are the two respiratory nuceli in the pons?

A

pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

68
Q

Describe Bohr effect

A

active tissue has ↑CO2, which raises H+and lowers pH, O2 is released

69
Q

Define hypercapnia

A

excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.

70
Q

Define hypocapnia

A

deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood; it results from hyperventilation and eventually leads to alkalosis

71
Q

Define hypoxia

A

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.

72
Q

Define hypoxemic hypoxia and what are some examples ?

A

inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. high altitudes, drowning, aspiration, respiratory arrest, degenerative lung diseases, CO poisoning

73
Q

Define ischemic hypoxia

A

inadequate circulation

74
Q

Define anemic hypoxia

A

anemia

75
Q

Define histotoxic hypoxia

A

metabolic poison (cyanide)

76
Q

Define cyanosis hypoxia

A

blueness of skin

77
Q

What is the primary effect of hypoxia?

A

Tissue necrosis, organs with high metabolic demands are affected first

78
Q

Define oxygen toxicity

A

pure O breathed (can create free radicals )

79
Q

hyperbaric oxygen was formerly used to treat premature babies but they stopped cause it causes ____ damage

A

retinal

80
Q

Define asthma

A

allergen triggers histamine release, intense bronchoconstriction

81
Q

Define chronic bronchitis

A

chronic infection and bronchial inflammation develops

82
Q

explain emphysema

A

alveolar walls break down, much less respiratory membrane for gas exchange, lungs fibrotic and less elastic, air passages collapse and obstruct outflow of air, air trapped in lungs

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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