Respiratory system Flashcards
Define respiration
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells. Ex. use of O2 in cellular metabolism
What are the three processes that make up respiration? Briefly what are their purposes?
pulmonary ventilation(inspiration and expiration) External respiration(the exchange of gas between the lungs and blood) Internal respiration(the exchange of gases between the blood and cells)
What are the 6 organs of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What two structure make up the upper respiratory system?
nose, Pharynx (throat)
What four things the lower Respiratory System
•larynx (voice box)•Trachea (windpipe)•Bronchi •Lungs
Functionally, the respiratory system consist of what two parts?
Conducting portion and respiratory portion
Functionally, what does the Conducting portion responsible for? What is another name for it?
a series of interconnected tubes and cavities that conduct air to the lung. Dead space
Functionally, what does the Respiratory portion responsible for?
where gas exchange occurs.
Describe the airflow to the lungs (3 steps )
bronchi →bronchioles →alveoli
The conducting division serves only for airflow , ___ to ____
nostrils to bronchioles
How does the nose help the respiratory system?
Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
What are meatuses in the nose?
narrow air passage beneath each conchae , ensures air contacts mucous membranes
mucus comes from ______ cells and traps inhaled particles . Bacteria is destroyed by _____.
globlet , lysozyme
Define Epistaxis
nosebleed , most common in inferior concha
Define sinusitis
inflammation of the nasal cavity
How does sinusitis start?
starts as a result of blockage of the drainage pathway of the sinuses, cause by an anatomical obstruction, swelling, or chronic sinus infections
What is said to be a “ sore throat” ?
Excess mucous, once settled on your nasal and throat lining, can irritate, causing a sore throat, and the belief that you may be coming down with a cold.
Define post nasal drip
When excess mucous produced in the sinus cavities drips down the back of the throat
What are some signs of post nasal drip?
bad breath, needing to clear throat, feeling of something trapped in back of throat, sore throat that wont develop into illness, small white or yellow crystals in tonsils and nasal congestion.
What can cause port nasal drip ?
inhaled irratants, dairy products (mucous thickens), allergies to foods, illnesses,and asthma
True or false the Nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil
True
What does the myringotomy/ear tube do?
allow air to get into the ear space behind the ear drum.Air is needed in this space to allow the ear drum to move
True or false the Oropharyx contains the lingual and palatine tonsils
True
Define epiglottis and what it does
Epiglottis-flap of tissue that guards glottis, directs food and drink to esophagus
A short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.
Larynx (voicebox)
What is the function o false vocal chords?
to hold the breath against pressure in the thorax such as might occur when straining to lift a heavy object.
What is the function of true vocal chords?
produce sound
Define tracheostomy
emergency airway through the trachea
Define Intubation
insertion of a tube through the mouth or nose down through the larnyx and treachea.
True or false right bronchus slightly wider and more vertical (aspiration)
True
State the bronchial tree
Trachea•Primary Bronchi-right more straight, object caught here.•Secondary Bronchi•Tertiary Bronchi•Bronchioles•Terminal Bronchioles
True or false Bronchioles lack cartilage
True ! on exam
Where do alveolar ducts end?
alveolar sacs
What are Type 1 pneumocytes responsible for?
gas exchange in the alveoli and cover a majority of the alveolar surface area
True or false Type 1 pneumocytes are the majority of cells in alveolar surface area
True
What are Type 2 pneumocytes responsible for?
production and secretion of surfactant, a phospholipid that reduces the alveolar surface tension
What are clara cells , where specifically in the respiratory tract can they be found, and what are they responsible for.
non-mucous and non-ciliated secretory cells found in the primary bronchioles of the lungs. They protect the bronchiolar epithelium by secreting a component of surfactant, detoxifying harmful substances, and multiply and differentiateinto ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium
What are the three functions of plural fluid?
reduction of friction, creation of pressure gradient(lower pressure assists in inflation of lungs), and compartmentalization(prevents spread of infection)
What are the five laws?
Boyle’s law, Charles law, Dalton law, Henry law, and law of Laplace.
Explain Boyles law
at a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Explain Charles law
the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (as air is heated, it expands-helps expand the lungs as it is heated)
Explain Daltons law
the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of all the contributing gases in the mixture
Explain Henrys law
the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air
Explain law of Laplace
When a liquid surface is spherical, it acts to generate a pressure within the sphere ( alveolar radius)
Define vital capacity
maximal volume that can be inhaled and exhaled
Define aveolar pressure
the pressure inside the lungs
What muscles are used during deep breathing?
Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles
Define passive expiration
During quiet breathing, expiration achieved by elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage
True or false After inspiration, phrenic nerves continue to stimulate diaphragm to produce a braking action to elastic recoil
True
Define pneumothorax
Presence of air in pleural cavity
Define atelectasis
Collapse of lung (or part of lung)
Define pulmonary compliance
distensibility of the lungs
Pulmonary surfactant ____ hydrogen bonds and ___ surface tension
Disrupts, lowers
What prevents aveolars from collapsing?
surfactant
Define dead air
conducting division of airway, cannot exchange gases
Explain the valsalva maneuver
take a deep breath, hold it and then contract abdominal muscles; increases pressure in the abdominal cavity (when you’re pooping )
Define spirometer
device a subject breathes into that measures ventilation
Define tidal volume
air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath
Define inspiratory reserve volume
air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
Define expiratory reserve volume
air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
Define residual volume
air remaining after maximum expiration (keeps alveoli inlfated)
Define inspiratory capacity
Max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
Define Functional residual capacity
amount of air in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
Neurons in medulla oblongata and pons control _____ ____
unconscious breathing
voluntary breathing is provided by ___ cortex
Motor cortex
What are the two respiratory nuclei in the medulla oblongata
inspiratory center and expiratory center
What are the two respiratory nuceli in the pons?
pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
Describe Bohr effect
active tissue has ↑CO2, which raises H+and lowers pH, O2 is released
Define hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration.
Define hypocapnia
deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood; it results from hyperventilation and eventually leads to alkalosis
Define hypoxia
deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
Define hypoxemic hypoxia and what are some examples ?
inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. high altitudes, drowning, aspiration, respiratory arrest, degenerative lung diseases, CO poisoning
Define ischemic hypoxia
inadequate circulation
Define anemic hypoxia
anemia
Define histotoxic hypoxia
metabolic poison (cyanide)
Define cyanosis hypoxia
blueness of skin
What is the primary effect of hypoxia?
Tissue necrosis, organs with high metabolic demands are affected first
Define oxygen toxicity
pure O breathed (can create free radicals )
hyperbaric oxygen was formerly used to treat premature babies but they stopped cause it causes ____ damage
retinal
Define asthma
allergen triggers histamine release, intense bronchoconstriction
Define chronic bronchitis
chronic infection and bronchial inflammation develops
explain emphysema
alveolar walls break down, much less respiratory membrane for gas exchange, lungs fibrotic and less elastic, air passages collapse and obstruct outflow of air, air trapped in lungs
