Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-balance homeostasis

Question 1

What are the two main compartments that fluids are in ?

Answer 1

inside, and outside of cells

Question 2

How much fluid of the body is intracellular (ICF, cytosol) fluid?

Answer 2

2/3

Question 3

How much fluid of the body is extracellular fluid (ECF, outside of cell)

Answer 3

1/3

Question 4

About 80% of ____ fluid is interstitial fluid (inter= between) and 20% of ____ is plasma(liquid portion of blood)

Answer 4

ECF

Question 5

What are the two general barriers that separate ICF, ECF, and blood plasma ?

Answer 5

Plasma membranes , separates ICF fluid from surrounding interstitial fluid
Blood vessel walls, separates interstitial fluid from blood plasma

Question 6

Define fluid balance

Answer 6

the requires amounts of water and solutes are present and are correctly proportioned among the various compartments.

Question 7

What is the largest single component of the body and makes up 45-75% of total body mass(depending on age and gender)

Answer 7

WATER

Question 8

What four processes allow the continual exchange of water and solutes among the bodies fluid compartments?

Answer 8

Filtration, re-absorption, diffusion, and osmosis

Question 9

Define electrolytes

Answer 9

inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions

Question 10

Fluid balance is closely related to ____ balance

Answer 10

electrolyte

Question 11

Where does the bodies main source of water come from?

Answer 11

ingested liquids and moist foods that are absorbed by the GI tract

Question 12

Define metabolic water and how it is a source of water for the body

Answer 12

water produced in the body mainly when electrons are accepted by oxygen during aerobic respiration or during dehydration synthesis.

Question 13

What are the four ways we lose water ?

Answer 13

kidneys excreting in urine, sweat that evaporates off of skin, lungs exhaling vapor, and GI tract when excreteing feces

Question 14

When more ATP is produced more ___ is formed

Answer 14

Water

Question 15

What part of the brain governs the urge to drink ?

Answer 15

The “thirst center” in the hypothalamus

Question 16

Define dehydration

Answer 16

more water loss than water gain

Question 17

Dehydration is a ____ in water and ____ in osmolarity of body fluids.

Answer 17

Decrease and increase

Question 18

lowerd BP stimulates the ___ to release Renin

Answer 18

Kidney

Question 19

What are the main solutes in ECF?

Answer 19

NA+ AND CL-

Question 20

The main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity is the extent of ____ water loss

Answer 20

Urinary

Question 21

What are the three most important hormones that regulate the extent of RENAL(how much is lost in the urine) NA+ and CL- reabsorption

Answer 21

Angiotension 2, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

Question 22

When they body is dehydrated what two hormones promote urinary reaborption NA+ and CL- to conserve the volume of body fluids by urinary loss .

Answer 22

Angeotension 2 and aldosterone

Question 23

What and why is a hormones excreted when blood volume increases?

Answer 23

natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released when BP rises because it stretches the atria of the heart wich triggers the release of the ANP

Question 24

ANP promotes natriuresis, _____ urinary excretion

Answer 24

elevated

Question 25

What is the main hormone that regulates water loss? What is another name for this hormone?

Answer 25

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin

Question 26

What does ADH do to the apical surface membrane of principal cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Answer 26

promotes the insertion of water channel proteins, increasing the permeability to water

Question 27

Define water intoxication

Answer 27

when a person steadily consumes more water than the kidneys can excrete it , and causes the cells to swell dangerously.

Question 28

Define Enema

Answer 28

introduction of a solution into the rectum to draw water and electrolytes into the rectum osmotically , used to treat constipation

Question 29

What four general function are ions used after they disassociate from their electrolyte form?

Answer 29

Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments, help maintain the acid-base balance, carry electrical current (for action potentials), and serves as co-factors for for optimal activity of enzymes

Question 30

In ECF the most abundant cation is ___ and the most abundant anion is ___.

Answer 30

Na+ and Cl-

Question 31

In ICF the most abundant cation is _____ and the most abundant anion is____.

Answer 31

K+, proteins and phosphates (HPO4^2 -)

Question 32

Define hypernatremia and hyponatremia

Answer 32

Na+ level is above normal | Na+

Question 33

k+ are play a key role in ____ membrane potential

Answer 33

resting

Question 34

Define Hyperkalemia

Answer 34

above normal concentration of K+ and can cause ventricular fibrillation

Question 35

The _____ are the main regulators of HCO3- concentration

Answer 35

Kidneys

Question 36

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 36

Calcium , stored in the bones

Question 37

Aside from the harness of teeth and bone what other things does Calcium have a role in ?

Answer 37

blood clotting, NT release, maintenance of muscle tone and excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

Question 38

What two hormones regulates Calcium ?

Answer 38

PTH , increases CA+ and calcitrol decreases CA=+2

Question 39

The secretion of PTH depends on what cation?

Answer 39

magnesium

Question 40

What are the three mechanisms the body uses to maintain the PH between 7.35-7.45

Answer 40

buffer systems, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of H +

Question 41

What do buffers for the body do?

Answer 41

They prevent rapid, drastic changes in the PH of body fluids by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

Question 42

Why does the buffer system covert strong acids and basses into weak acids and bases?

Answer 42

Strong acids lower the PH faster than weak acids because they are more willing to release their H+. Strong basses raise the PH faster than the weak ones for the same reason

Question 43

Which is the most abundant buffer in ICF and blood plasma?

Answer 43

The protein buffer system

Question 44

Which buffer system cannot protect against PH changes due to respiratory problems in which there is a shortage of CO2 ?

Answer 44

Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

Question 45

Which buffer system is an important regulator for Ph in cytosol?

Answer 45

Phosphate buffer system

Question 46

A decrease of CO2 concentration in the body ___ PH

Answer 46

raises

Question 47

Renal tubes secrete ___ into urine and reabsorb HCO3 - so it is not lost in the urine

Answer 47

H+

Question 48

Define acidosis

Answer 48

blood PH is below 7.35

Question 49

Define alkalosis

Answer 49

Blood PH is higher than 7.45

Question 50

Define compensation

Answer 50

The physiological response to an acid-base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood PH

Question 51

Define respiratory compensation

Answer 51

Hyperventilation or hypo-ventilation to help bring blood PH back to normal range

Question 52

Define renal compensation

Answer 52

changes in H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- by the kidney tubules

Question 53

Renal compensation may begin in ,minutes, but takes ___ to reach maximum effectiveness

Answer 53

days

Question 54

Describe respiratory acidosis

Answer 54

Increased CO2 and decreased PH

Question 55

Describe respiratory alkalosis

Answer 55

Decreased CO2 and increased PH

Question 56

Describe metabolic acidosis

Answer 56

Decreased HCO3- and decreased PH

Question 57

Describe metabolic alkalosis

Answer 57

Increased HCO3- and increased PH

Question 58

What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?

Answer 58

Increased excretion of H+ in the urine and increased absorption of HCO3-

Question 59

What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 59

decreased excretion of H+ in the urine and decreased absorption of HCO3-

Question 60

What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis

Answer 60

hyperventilation

Question 61

What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 61

Hypoventilaiton