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Anatomy & physiology 102 > Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-balance homeostasis > Flashcards

Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-balance homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main compartments that fluids are in ?

A

inside, and outside of cells

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2
Q

How much fluid of the body is intracellular (ICF, cytosol) fluid?

A

2/3

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3
Q

How much fluid of the body is extracellular fluid (ECF, outside of cell)

A

1/3

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4
Q

About 80% of ____ fluid is interstitial fluid (inter= between) and 20% of ____ is plasma(liquid portion of blood)

A

ECF

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5
Q

What are the two general barriers that separate ICF, ECF, and blood plasma ?

A

Plasma membranes , separates ICF fluid from surrounding interstitial fluid
Blood vessel walls, separates interstitial fluid from blood plasma

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6
Q

Define fluid balance

A

the requires amounts of water and solutes are present and are correctly proportioned among the various compartments.

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7
Q

What is the largest single component of the body and makes up 45-75% of total body mass(depending on age and gender)

A

WATER

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8
Q

What four processes allow the continual exchange of water and solutes among the bodies fluid compartments?

A

Filtration, re-absorption, diffusion, and osmosis

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9
Q

Define electrolytes

A

inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions

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10
Q

Fluid balance is closely related to ____ balance

A

electrolyte

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11
Q

Where does the bodies main source of water come from?

A

ingested liquids and moist foods that are absorbed by the GI tract

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12
Q

Define metabolic water and how it is a source of water for the body

A

water produced in the body mainly when electrons are accepted by oxygen during aerobic respiration or during dehydration synthesis.

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13
Q

What are the four ways we lose water ?

A

kidneys excreting in urine, sweat that evaporates off of skin, lungs exhaling vapor, and GI tract when excreteing feces

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14
Q

When more ATP is produced more ___ is formed

A

Water

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15
Q

What part of the brain governs the urge to drink ?

A

The “thirst center” in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Define dehydration

A

more water loss than water gain

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17
Q

Dehydration is a ____ in water and ____ in osmolarity of body fluids.

A

Decrease and increase

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18
Q

lowerd BP stimulates the ___ to release Renin

A

Kidney

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19
Q

What are the main solutes in ECF?

A

NA+ AND CL-

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20
Q

The main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity is the extent of ____ water loss

A

Urinary

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21
Q

What are the three most important hormones that regulate the extent of RENAL(how much is lost in the urine) NA+ and CL- reabsorption

A

Angiotension 2, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

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22
Q

When they body is dehydrated what two hormones promote urinary reaborption NA+ and CL- to conserve the volume of body fluids by urinary loss .

A

Angeotension 2 and aldosterone

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23
Q

What and why is a hormones excreted when blood volume increases?

A

natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released when BP rises because it stretches the atria of the heart wich triggers the release of the ANP

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24
Q

ANP promotes natriuresis, _____ urinary excretion

A

elevated

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25
Q

What is the main hormone that regulates water loss? What is another name for this hormone?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin

26
Q

What does ADH do to the apical surface membrane of principal cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

A

promotes the insertion of water channel proteins, increasing the permeability to water

27
Q

Define water intoxication

A

when a person steadily consumes more water than the kidneys can excrete it , and causes the cells to swell dangerously.

28
Q

Define Enema

A

introduction of a solution into the rectum to draw water and electrolytes into the rectum osmotically , used to treat constipation

29
Q

What four general function are ions used after they disassociate from their electrolyte form?

A

Control osmosis of water between fluid compartments, help maintain the acid-base balance, carry electrical current (for action potentials), and serves as co-factors for for optimal activity of enzymes

30
Q

In ECF the most abundant cation is ___ and the most abundant anion is ___.

A

Na+ and Cl-

31
Q

In ICF the most abundant cation is _____ and the most abundant anion is____.

A

K+, proteins and phosphates (HPO4^2 -)

32
Q

Define hypernatremia and hyponatremia

A

Na+ level is above normal

Na+

33
Q

k+ are play a key role in ____ membrane potential

A

resting

34
Q

Define Hyperkalemia

A

above normal concentration of K+ and can cause ventricular fibrillation

35
Q

The _____ are the main regulators of HCO3- concentration

A

Kidneys

36
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium , stored in the bones

37
Q

Aside from the harness of teeth and bone what other things does Calcium have a role in ?

A

blood clotting, NT release, maintenance of muscle tone and excitability of nervous and muscle tissue

38
Q

What two hormones regulates Calcium ?

A

PTH , increases CA+ and calcitrol decreases CA=+2

39
Q

The secretion of PTH depends on what cation?

A

magnesium

40
Q

What are the three mechanisms the body uses to maintain the PH between 7.35-7.45

A

buffer systems, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of H +

41
Q

What do buffers for the body do?

A

They prevent rapid, drastic changes in the PH of body fluids by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

42
Q

Why does the buffer system covert strong acids and basses into weak acids and bases?

A

Strong acids lower the PH faster than weak acids because they are more willing to release their H+.
Strong basses raise the PH faster than the weak ones for the same reason

43
Q

Which is the most abundant buffer in ICF and blood plasma?

A

The protein buffer system

44
Q

Which buffer system cannot protect against PH changes due to respiratory problems in which there is a shortage of CO2 ?

A

Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

45
Q

Which buffer system is an important regulator for Ph in cytosol?

A

Phosphate buffer system

46
Q

A decrease of CO2 concentration in the body ___ PH

A

raises

47
Q

Renal tubes secrete ___ into urine and reabsorb HCO3 - so it is not lost in the urine

A

H+

48
Q

Define acidosis

A

blood PH is below 7.35

49
Q

Define alkalosis

A

Blood PH is higher than 7.45

50
Q

Define compensation

A

The physiological response to an acid-base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood PH

51
Q

Define respiratory compensation

A

Hyperventilation or hypo-ventilation to help bring blood PH back to normal range

52
Q

Define renal compensation

A

changes in H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- by the kidney tubules

53
Q

Renal compensation may begin in ,minutes, but takes ___ to reach maximum effectiveness

A

days

54
Q

Describe respiratory acidosis

A

Increased CO2 and decreased PH

55
Q

Describe respiratory alkalosis

A

Decreased CO2 and increased PH

56
Q

Describe metabolic acidosis

A

Decreased HCO3- and decreased PH

57
Q

Describe metabolic alkalosis

A

Increased HCO3- and increased PH

58
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?

A

Increased excretion of H+ in the urine and increased absorption of HCO3-

59
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

A

decreased excretion of H+ in the urine and decreased absorption of HCO3-

60
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation

61
Q

What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?

A

Hypoventilaiton

Anatomy & physiology 102 (13 decks)

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