Urinary System Flashcards
Kidneys
Remove toxic products from blood by forming urine
- right and a left (you have 2)
- bean-shaped organ located in the lumbar region on the back
- Retroperitoneal: lie outside of the peritoneum
Nephron
microscopic filtering units of the kidneys
-forms urine in renal corpuscles and tubules by process of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
Ureters
Vessels for carrying urine in peristaltic waves (contracts + Relaxation; pushes urine to bladder) from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
-vessels that’s goes from the kidney to the bladder
Bladder
Temporary reservoir for urine
-hollow, muscular sac
Urethra
Tube that caries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body in a process called Urination, or Voiding, or Micturation
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Progressive, irreversible decrease in renal function
(long and usually slow process where the kidneys lose their ability to function)
-metabolic, fluid and
-electrolyte imbalances
-Uremia and nitrogenous waste products build-up in the blood
-effects in every body system
Chronic Kidney Disease: Signs + Symptoms
- polyuria (lots of urine) and oliguria (low amount of urine)
- edema (swelling) of the extremities, sacral area, and abdomen
- hypertension
- weakness and fatigue
- nausea vomiting
- In later stages, yellowish pale skin that causes itching due to urea crystals on the skin
Chronic Kidney Disease: Treatments
- Dietary restrictions (protein, salt(water comes with it; cause edema), potassium (to much potassium; heart attack))
- Control on blood glucose levels and blood pressure
- smoking cessation
- prevention of further damage and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Inability of kidneys to sustain daily activity (when the kidneys have completely and permanently shut down)
- usually the result of chronic renal failure
- toxic build-up of urea and creatinine in the blood
- effects all systems, with dialysis or renal transplantation needed for survival
End-Stage Renal Disease: Signs + Symptoms
- progressive, with varied severity depending on the extent of renal damage and remaining function
- weakness
- anorexia
- diarrhea
- pruritus
- polyuria
End-Stage Renal Disease: Treatments
-Dialysis
-Dietary restriction of protein, sodium, and potassium
-antiemetic’s for nausea
-control of hypertension
-renal transplantation:
Patients kidneys usually left in place
Donor’s kidney usually placed inferior to diseased kidney
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
A sudden loss of kidney function caused by an illness, an injury, or a toxin that stresses the kidneys
(kidney function may recover)
-happens before CKD and ESRD
Renal Calculi
Concentration of mineral salts in the renal pelvis or calyx
- most common cause of urinary obstruction
- “kidney stones”
Renal Calculi: Signs + Symptoms
- Possibly asymptomatic for long periods
- intense pain and urinary urgency if the calculus fragment lodges in the ureter
- dull, constant pain if calculus is in the renal pelvis and calyx
- back pain and severe abdominal pain
- other signs and symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, chills and fever, hematuria (bloody urine), and abdominal distension
Renal Calculi: Treatments
- Passage of small calculi without treatment
- surgical excision (lithotomy) for larger calculi
- extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL): powerful sound waves used to break up calculi/ kidney stone (using ultrasound to locate and monitor calculi destruction)
- prevention of new calculus formation and enhanced elimination of calculi with increased fluid intake
- Antibiotics if build-up is due to bacterial infection
- Analgesics for relief of intense pain
Catheterization
Insertion of a slender tube into the bladder
- used to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes
- used to introduce liquids
Hemodialysis
Diversion of the patients blood into a machine for filtering
-return of filtered blood to the body
Peritoneal Dialysis
Dialysis using the patient’s peritoneum (the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs)
-infusion of dialysis solution into peritoneum
-removal of fluid containing waste products
(fresh dialysis solution from a bag is infused then the used solution in removed back into the bag)
Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of powerful sound-wave vibrations to pulverize (break down in particles) calculi (stones) in the kidney
Renal Transplantation
diseased kidney’s replaced by transplanted kidney
Bladder Scan
- Use of sound waves to estimate the amount of urine in the bladder
- painless and noninvasive (not require instruments into the body)
- no patient preparation required
Cystoscopy
Insertion of a cystoscope through the urethra and into the urinary bladder
- used for various purposes
- examining the bladder
- obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths
- removing polyps
Pharmacology: Antibiotics
treat infection
- kill everything
- use only when needed; because you will become immune to it + need a stronger antibiotic
Pharmacology: Antispasmodics
prevents spasms
-good for bladder infections
Pharmacology: Diuretics
help you urinate
