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Medical Terms > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine System contains

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • pineal and thymus glands
  • ovaries and testes (part of reproductive and endocrine system)
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2
Q

Endocrine System: Structure and Function

A
  • consisting of endocrine (ductless) glands
  • secretion of chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • control and integration of many bodily functions
  • action of hormones on target organs to increase or decrease the targets activity level; faster heart rate, sweaty palms when nervous
  • monitoring and interpretation of and reaction to changes in the body and external environment to maintain homeostasis
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3
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Tiny, pea-shaped structure at the base of the brain

  • consists of an anterior and posterior lobe
  • regulation of many body activities
  • stimulation of other glands to secrete their own specific hormones
  • effects of its hormones felt throughout the body
  • produces many different hormones which effect different body systems
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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Anterior lobe)

A 
Secretion of six hormones:
1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5. Prolactin (PRL)
6. Growth Hormone (GH)
also melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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5
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

A

regulates the production of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland
(anterior pituitary lobe)

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6
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates egg production in the ovaries or sperm production in the testes
(anterior pituitary lobe)

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7
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

also called somatotropin, which regulates growth of bones and other tissue
(anterior pituitary lobe)

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8
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

stimulates the production of sex hormones by the ovaries or testes
(anterior pituitary lobe)

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9
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates growth of breast tissue and milk production in females
(anterior pituitary lobe)

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10
Q

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

regulates activity of the thyroid gland

anterior pituitary lobe

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary (Posterior lobe)

A

(neurohypophysis)
Secretion of two hormones:
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. Oxytocin

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12
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A 
also called vasopressin, 
-regulation of urinary output
-role in blood pressure regulation
(posterior pituitary gland)
anti- against diuretic- urination
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13
Q

Oxytocin

A

-inducement of labor in pregnant women by stimulating contractions in the uterus
-promotion of milk secretion from the mammary glands
(posterior pituitary lobe)

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14
Q

Thyroid Gland

A 
Two lobes on either side of the Trachea (butterfly shaped organ)
Secretion of three hormones:
1. Calcitonin
2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Thyroxine (T4)
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15
Q

Calcitonin

A

regulates normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (in conjunction with parathyroid hormone)
(Thyroid gland hormone)

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16
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

increases the rate of cellular metabolism

Thyroid gland hormone

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17
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

increases the rate of cellular metabolism after being converted to T3 in the tissues
(Thyroid gland hormone)

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18
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Two pairs of pea-shaped organs located on the underside of the thyroid gland (yellow ones)

  • secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • regulation of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (In conjunction with calcitonin)
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19
Q

Pancreas

A

Elongated organ located just below the stomach in back of the abdomen

  • secretion of two hormones:
    1. Insulin
    2. Glucagon
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20
Q

Insulin

A

removes glucose from the blood by promoting storage in tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high
(pancreas hormone)

21
Q

Glucagon

A

stimulates the release of sugar from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low
(pancreas hormone)

22
Q

Pineal gland

A

Small, pinecone-shaped organ located deep within the brain just behind the thalamus
-secretion of melatonin, influences the maturation of sexual organs during puberty

23
Q

Thymus gland

A

Butterfly-shaped organ located between the lungs (right + left lobe)

  • withering away during puberty, leaving adults with fat and connective tissue in its place
  • secretion of thymosin, which plays a role in development of the immune response in infants
24
Q

Ovaries

A

Functioning in the female reproductive and endocrine systems

  • secretion of two female sex hormones
    1. Estrogen
    2. Progesterone
25
Q

Estrogen (estradiol)

A

stimulates development of ova (eggs) and secondary sex characteristics
(ovaries hormone)

26
Q

Progesterone

A

prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

27
Q

Testes

A

Functioning in the male reproductive and endocrine systems

  • secretion of male sex hormone testosterone
  • responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
  • necessary for sperm production
  • maintenance of the reproductive organs in adult males
28
Q

Graves Disease

A

caused by oversecretion of hormones (T3 and T4) by the thyroid gland, in which elevated levels produce profound changes in the body’s physiological processes

  • more common in woman than men
  • most common form of hyperthyroidism
29
Q

Graves Disease Signs + Symptoms

A
  • exophthalmos
  • elevated metabolic rate
  • heat intolerance
  • weight loss, fatigue, and muscle weakness
  • enlarged thyroid (goiter)
  • thyrotoxic crisis (storm), including many cardiac manifestations
  • tachycardia
  • arrhythmias
  • heart murmurs
  • cardiomegaly
  • eyes are likely to protrude
30
Q

Graces Disease Treatments

A

depending on patient’s age and severity of the disease

  • antithyroid agents to block hormone synthesis within the thyroid gland
  • alteration in the structure of the thyroid gland through surgery or radioactive iodine therapy
  • beta blockers in combination with one of the treatments listed above
31
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

caused by exposure to excess cortisol

  • adrenal or pituitary problem
  • long-term use of corticosteroids
  • more common in females
32
Q

Cushing Syndrome Signs + Symptoms

A

central obesity with thin arms and legs

  • fat pad on upper back (buffalo hump)
  • round, “moon shaped” face with acne and facial hair
  • secondary diabetes due to insulin resistance
  • glucose intolerance due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis
  • muscle wasting and thin skin with purple striae as a result of cortisol’s catabolic effect on tissues
  • Hypokalemia due to sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine
  • catabolic effects on bone leading to osteoporosis, pathological fractures, and back pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae
  • risk of infection due to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of cortisol
  • mental status changes in about half of patients , from irritability to psychosis (steroid psychosis)
33
Q

Cushing Syndrome Treatments

A

Restoration of cortisol concentration to normal levels

  • varied, according to etiology
  • restoration of serum concentration of cortisol to normal levels
  • surgery or radiation therapy to remove a tumor
  • drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion
  • discontinuing or reducing corticosteroid drug use
  • high potassium or low sodium diet
34
Q

Growth Hormone Imbalance

A

GH (somatropin) responsible for growth of bones, cartilage, and soft tissue

  • synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
  • Hypersecretion of GH; Two forms:
    1. Acromegaly- hypersecretion (excessive) during childhood
    2. Gigantism- hypersecretion during childhood
  • Hyposecretion of GH; One form
    1. Dwarfism- hyposecretion (below) during childhood
35
Q

GH Imbalance Signs + Symptoms: Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

  • fusion of growth plates at ends of long bones, which prevents person from growing taller
  • widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw, hands, and feet
36
Q

GH Imbalance Signs + Symptoms: Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood

  • excessive growth of bones and tissues due to high level of GH
  • height changes of up tp 6” in 1 year in children
  • abrupt development, resulting in abnormally increased height
37
Q

GH Imbalance Signs + Symptoms: Dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of GH during childhood

-lack of growth and short stature but with normal body proportions

38
Q

GH Imbalance Treatment

A

Hyposecretion of GH:
-drug therapy with growth hormone
-surgery if a tumor is the cause
Hypersecretion of GH:
-drug therapy to suppress secretion of growth hormone
-surgery to remove an adenoma or radiation therapy to destroy the adenoma

39
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Group of metabolic diseases
-characterized by high glucose levels
-caused by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both
Two primary forms:
1. Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
2. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus

40
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1

A

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

  • chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia
  • inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to properly control blood glucose levels
  • most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults
41
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

  • gradual onset that occurs in middle age, commonly in overweight patients (because fat interferes with the body’s ability to use insulin)
  • characterized by high blood glucose levels that lead to a chronic, lifelong disease that requires medical management
  • insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to sustain normal metabolism
42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: Signs +Symptoms

A
  • Fatigue
  • Polyphagia (eats a lot), polyuria (urinates a lot), polydipsia (thirsty)
  • unplanned weight loss
  • blurred vision (hyperglycemic patients with polyphagia)
  • diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of metabolic control (during periods of infection or noncompliance with therapy)
43
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • commonly asymptomatic
  • polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia
  • frequent or slow-healing infections
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision (hyperglycemic patients)
44
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: Treatments

A
  • specialized diet and regular exercise
  • intensive foot and eye care
  • medications, including insulin to lower blood glucose levels
45
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Treatments

A
  • calorie-restricted diet with regular aerobic exercise
  • oral drugs
  • increase pancreatic secretion of or cellular sensitivity to insulin
  • decrease absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract
  • insulin injections
46
Q

Insulin Injection

A

rotation of multiple daily injections to several sites
-absorption and effectiveness determined by injection site
Rapid Absorption- abdomen and then upper arm and thigh areas
Slower Absorption- subcutaneous fat and hip and buttock areas
No injection within 2” of the navel

47
Q

Glucose Testing with a glucometer

A

monitoring test of glucose levels in the blood (glycemia)

  • self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime
  • piercing of skin, typically on the finger, to draw blood
  • application of blood to a test strip
48
Q

Insulin delivery with an insulin pump

A
  • use of a small pump device that delivers subcutaneous insulin
  • typically worn on the abdomen or buttocks
  • continuous delivery of insulin in small amounts via a tiny catheter with bolus doses added by pushing a button
49
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

minimally invasive endoscopic surgery to excise the pituitary gland

  • transsphenoidal approach via the nose or just under the upper lip
  • possible transfrontal craniotomy (entry though the frontal bone of the skull) to remove a large tumor

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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