Musculoskeletal System: Chapter 7 Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, joints and related structures such as the tendons and connective tissue that function in the support of movement of body parts.
Articulation
place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint
Hematopoiesis
Production of blood cells, performed by the bone marrow
poeisis: development,
hemat/o: blood.
Tendons
connective tissue that binds muscle to bone
-as muscle contracts by the tendon, the bone joint provides movement
Muscles: Three Types
- Skeletal
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
attached to bones and provides movement; voluntary
Smooth Muscle
assist in internal processes like digestion, circulation, and urination; involuntary
ex: GI tract, GU tract
Cardiac Muscle
only in the heart wall, as it forms the myocardium
Bones
provide a framework to support and protect the body
- point of attachment with muscles
- held close together at the point by ligaments which are flexible bands of fibrous tissue
- produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
Four Types Of Bones
- short
- irregular
- flat
- long
Diaphysis
long, main portion of the bone; “shaft”
Distal and Proximal Epiphysis
the two ends of the bone
Ligaments
connect bone to bone
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
crani/o
cranium
femor/o
femur
patell/o
patella
tibi/o
tibia
pelv/o, pelv/i
pelvis
maxill/o
maxilla
scapul/o
sacpula
vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
cost/o
ribs
radi/o
radius
fibul/o
fibula
tars/o
tarsals
phalang/o
phalanges
Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe
-caused by ill-fitting shoes
Bunion: Signs + Symptoms
- tissues surrounding joint become red, swollen, and tender
- corn or callus may develop where the first and second toe overlap
- limited movement of big toe
Bunion: Treatment
Nonsurgical: -wear wide-toes shoes -anti-inflammatory medications -shoe inserts -padding, taping, and splinting Surgical: -Bunionectomy- to remove tissue and realign the bone
Ganglion Cyst
fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
-occurring in wrist, hand or foot
Ganglion Cyst: Signs + Symptoms
- may or may not be painful
- Bone Spur (Osteophyte) common in cysts at the far joint of the finger
Ganglion Cyst: Treatment
- may resolve spontaneously
- corticosteroids
- Needle Aspiration (drain) of fluid from the ganglion
Fractures: 8 Types
break or crack in a bone
- Closed (simple)
- Open (Compound)
- Complicated
- Comminuted
- Impacted
- Incomplete
- Greenstick
- Colles
Fracture: Closed (Simple)
break with no external skin wound
Fracture: Open (Compound)
break with external wound that leads to the fracture site and a piece of bone protruding through the skin
Fracture: Complicated
broken bone injuries an internal organ, such as the lung
Fracture: Comminuted
bone broken or splintered into pieces
Fracture: Impacted
end of broken bone wedged into the interior of another bone
Fracture: Incomplete
fracture line does not include the whole bone
Fracture: Greenstick
break in which bone is partially bent and split
-commonly occurs in children or adults with soft bone
Fracture: Colles
break in lower end of radius
-commonly occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall
Fracture: Sign + Symptoms
pain, swelling, bruising
- depend on the cause:
1. trauma
2. crushing
3. pathological
4. cancer
5. osteoporosis
Fracture: Treatment
realignment of broken bone ends (reduction)
- closed reduction- manipulating the bones through the skin, followed by immobilization or fixation using casts, slings and taping
- open reduction- realignment through a surgical opening, fixation using wires, plates, rods, screws, and pins
Internal Fixation
immobilize and align the bones by inserting pins and screws
Herniated Disk
protrusion or herniation, of the nucleus pulpous (gelatinous material at the center of the intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae (Prolapsed disk)
Herniated Disk: Signs +Symptoms
severe back pain that worsens with motion
Herniated Disk: Treatments
- alternating application o heat and cold
- muscle relaxants
- Laminectomy
- spinal fusion
Paresthesia
sensation of numbness and a burning feeling
Sciatica
inflammation of major leg nerve
- pain radiating from lower back and down the left leg
Traction
Treatment for a herniated disk, involves the relief of pain, pressure, and muscle spasms, and the use of weights and pulleys to immobilize the site and facilitate healing
Rheumatoid Arthritis
chronic, progressive, systematic(body) inflammatory disease; slowly destroys cartilage
- fibrous immobility of joins or ankylosis, resulting in visual deformity
- edema od synovial membrane
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Signs + Symptoms
- joint pain and stiffness
- crippling deformities
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment
NSAID’s
Physical Therapy
surgery
Osteomyelitis
acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue
-disease progression:
A. Beginning infection
B. blocked blood flow at infection site
C. death of bone at infection site, continued pus formation
Osteomyelitis: Signs + Symptoms
Acute:
-fever, inflammation (redness, tenderness, heat, pain)
Chronic:
-Ulceration, Drainage, Localized pain
Osteomyelitis: Treatment
antibiotic therapy
surgical drainage
tissue and bone grafts to restore blood flow
Gout
systematic connective tissue disorder
- chronic disorder of uric acid crystals
- common in middle aged men
Gout: Signs + Symptoms
one or more severely inflamed joints as a result of buildup of uric acid crystals
- painful to touch
- common in the joint of great toe
Gout: Treatment
- low purine diet
- drug therapy
- NSAID’s to reduce inflammatory response
- application of heat and cold
Arthralgia
aches and pains in the knees, red swollen painful knees
Muscular Dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of muscles
Necrosis
localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury
Spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of one vertebra onto the one below it
with predisposing factors that include spondylosis, degeneration, and birth defects like spina bifida
Osteoporosis
abnormal bone-density loss with increased porosity, causing brittle bones and increased risk of fracture
-occurs in postmenopausal women
Talipes
deformity of the foot and ankle, in which the foot is twisted and relatively fixed in an abnormal position
Total Hip Anthroplasty
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened to the bone
Amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of trauma or circulatory disease
Arthrocentesis
puncture of joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
Laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of vertebra
arthroplasty
surgical procedure to replace the hip joint
arthroscopy
surgical procedure to replace the hip joint
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium
-used to identify and study spinal distortions
Rheumatoid Factor
blood test used to detect the presence of Rheumatoid factor (Rheumatoid arthritis)
NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Bone Diabsorption inhibitor
help breakdown bones
Salicylate
helps with morning pain + stiffness
