Musculoskeletal System: Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Musculoskeletal System
A
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, joints and related structures such as the tendons and connective tissue that function in the support of movement of body parts.
2
Q
Articulation
A
place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint
3
Q
Hematopoiesis
A
Production of blood cells, performed by the bone marrow
poeisis: development,
hemat/o: blood.
4
Q
Tendons
A
connective tissue that binds muscle to bone
-as muscle contracts by the tendon, the bone joint provides movement
5
Q
Muscles: Three Types
A
- Skeletal
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
6
Q
Skeletal Muscle
A
attached to bones and provides movement; voluntary
7
Q
Smooth Muscle
A
assist in internal processes like digestion, circulation, and urination; involuntary
ex: GI tract, GU tract
8
Q
Cardiac Muscle
A
only in the heart wall, as it forms the myocardium
9
Q
Bones
A
provide a framework to support and protect the body
- point of attachment with muscles
- held close together at the point by ligaments which are flexible bands of fibrous tissue
- produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
10
Q
Four Types Of Bones
A
- short
- irregular
- flat
- long
11
Q
Diaphysis
A
long, main portion of the bone; “shaft”
12
Q
Distal and Proximal Epiphysis
A
the two ends of the bone
13
Q
Ligaments
A
connect bone to bone
14
Q
Tendons
A
connect muscle to bone
15
Q
crani/o
A
cranium
16
Q
femor/o
A
femur
17
Q
patell/o
A
patella
18
Q
tibi/o
A
tibia
19
Q
pelv/o, pelv/i
A
pelvis
20
Q
maxill/o
A
maxilla
21
Q
scapul/o
A
sacpula
22
Q
vertebr/o
A
vertebra
23
Q
stern/o
A
sternum
24
Q
cost/o
A
ribs
25
radi/o
radius
26
fibul/o
fibula
27
tars/o
tarsals
28
phalang/o
phalanges
29
Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe
-caused by ill-fitting shoes
30
Bunion: Signs + Symptoms
- tissues surrounding joint become red, swollen, and tender
- corn or callus may develop where the first and second toe overlap
- limited movement of big toe
31
Bunion: Treatment
```
Nonsurgical:
-wear wide-toes shoes
-anti-inflammatory medications
-shoe inserts
-padding, taping, and splinting
Surgical:
-Bunionectomy- to remove tissue and realign the bone
```
32
Ganglion Cyst
fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
| -occurring in wrist, hand or foot
33
Ganglion Cyst: Signs + Symptoms
- may or may not be painful
| - Bone Spur (Osteophyte) common in cysts at the far joint of the finger
34
Ganglion Cyst: Treatment
- may resolve spontaneously
- corticosteroids
- Needle Aspiration (drain) of fluid from the ganglion
35
Fractures: 8 Types
break or crack in a bone
1. Closed (simple)
2. Open (Compound)
3. Complicated
4. Comminuted
5. Impacted
6. Incomplete
7. Greenstick
8. Colles
36
Fracture: Closed (Simple)
break with no external skin wound
37
Fracture: Open (Compound)
break with external wound that leads to the fracture site and a piece of bone protruding through the skin
38
Fracture: Complicated
broken bone injuries an internal organ, such as the lung
39
Fracture: Comminuted
bone broken or splintered into pieces
40
Fracture: Impacted
end of broken bone wedged into the interior of another bone
41
Fracture: Incomplete
fracture line does not include the whole bone
42
Fracture: Greenstick
break in which bone is partially bent and split
| -commonly occurs in children or adults with soft bone
43
Fracture: Colles
break in lower end of radius
| -commonly occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall
44
Fracture: Sign + Symptoms
pain, swelling, bruising
- depend on the cause:
1. trauma
2. crushing
3. pathological
4. cancer
5. osteoporosis
45
Fracture: Treatment
realignment of broken bone ends (reduction)
1. closed reduction- manipulating the bones through the skin, followed by immobilization or fixation using casts, slings and taping
2. open reduction- realignment through a surgical opening, fixation using wires, plates, rods, screws, and pins
46
Internal Fixation
immobilize and align the bones by inserting pins and screws
47
Herniated Disk
protrusion or herniation, of the nucleus pulpous (gelatinous material at the center of the intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae (Prolapsed disk)
48
Herniated Disk: Signs +Symptoms
severe back pain that worsens with motion
49
Herniated Disk: Treatments
- alternating application o heat and cold
- muscle relaxants
- Laminectomy
- spinal fusion
50
Paresthesia
sensation of numbness and a burning feeling
51
Sciatica
inflammation of major leg nerve
| - pain radiating from lower back and down the left leg
52
Traction
Treatment for a herniated disk, involves the relief of pain, pressure, and muscle spasms, and the use of weights and pulleys to immobilize the site and facilitate healing
53
Rheumatoid Arthritis
chronic, progressive, systematic(body) inflammatory disease; slowly destroys cartilage
- fibrous immobility of joins or ankylosis, resulting in visual deformity
- edema od synovial membrane
54
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Signs + Symptoms
- joint pain and stiffness
| - crippling deformities
55
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment
NSAID's
Physical Therapy
surgery
56
Osteomyelitis
acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue
-disease progression:
A. Beginning infection
B. blocked blood flow at infection site
C. death of bone at infection site, continued pus formation
57
Osteomyelitis: Signs + Symptoms
Acute:
-fever, inflammation (redness, tenderness, heat, pain)
Chronic:
-Ulceration, Drainage, Localized pain
58
Osteomyelitis: Treatment
antibiotic therapy
surgical drainage
tissue and bone grafts to restore blood flow
59
Gout
systematic connective tissue disorder
- chronic disorder of uric acid crystals
- common in middle aged men
60
Gout: Signs + Symptoms
one or more severely inflamed joints as a result of buildup of uric acid crystals
- painful to touch
- common in the joint of great toe
61
Gout: Treatment
- low purine diet
- drug therapy
- NSAID's to reduce inflammatory response
- application of heat and cold
62
Arthralgia
aches and pains in the knees, red swollen painful knees
63
Muscular Dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of muscles
64
Necrosis
localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury
65
Spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of one vertebra onto the one below it
| with predisposing factors that include spondylosis, degeneration, and birth defects like spina bifida
66
Osteoporosis
abnormal bone-density loss with increased porosity, causing brittle bones and increased risk of fracture
-occurs in postmenopausal women
67
Talipes
deformity of the foot and ankle, in which the foot is twisted and relatively fixed in an abnormal position
68
Total Hip Anthroplasty
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened to the bone
69
Amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of trauma or circulatory disease
70
Arthrocentesis
puncture of joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
71
Laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of vertebra
72
arthroplasty
surgical procedure to replace the hip joint
73
arthroscopy
surgical procedure to replace the hip joint
74
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium
-used to identify and study spinal distortions
75
Rheumatoid Factor
blood test used to detect the presence of Rheumatoid factor (Rheumatoid arthritis)
76
NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
77
Bone Diabsorption inhibitor
help breakdown bones
78
Salicylate
helps with morning pain + stiffness
