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Medical Terms > Musculoskeletal System: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System: Chapter 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, joints and related structures such as the tendons and connective tissue that function in the support of movement of body parts.

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2
Q

Articulation

A

place of union between two or more bones, also called a joint

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3
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells, performed by the bone marrow
poeisis: development,
hemat/o: blood.

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4
Q

Tendons

A

connective tissue that binds muscle to bone

-as muscle contracts by the tendon, the bone joint provides movement

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5
Q

Muscles: Three Types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Cardiac Muscle
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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

attached to bones and provides movement; voluntary

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7
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

assist in internal processes like digestion, circulation, and urination; involuntary
ex: GI tract, GU tract

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8
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

only in the heart wall, as it forms the myocardium

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9
Q

Bones

A

provide a framework to support and protect the body

  • point of attachment with muscles
  • held close together at the point by ligaments which are flexible bands of fibrous tissue
  • produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
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10
Q

Four Types Of Bones

A
  • short
  • irregular
  • flat
  • long
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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

long, main portion of the bone; “shaft”

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12
Q

Distal and Proximal Epiphysis

A

the two ends of the bone

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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14
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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15
Q

crani/o

A

cranium

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16
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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17
Q

patell/o

A

patella

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18
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia

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19
Q

pelv/o, pelv/i

A

pelvis

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20
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla

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21
Q

scapul/o

A

sacpula

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22
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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23
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

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24
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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25
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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26
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

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27
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals

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28
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges

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29
Q

Bunion (Hallux Valgus)

A

deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe
-caused by ill-fitting shoes

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30
Q

Bunion: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • tissues surrounding joint become red, swollen, and tender
  • corn or callus may develop where the first and second toe overlap
  • limited movement of big toe
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31
Q

Bunion: Treatment

A 
Nonsurgical:
-wear wide-toes shoes
-anti-inflammatory medications
-shoe inserts
-padding, taping, and splinting 
Surgical:
-Bunionectomy- to remove tissue and realign the bone
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32
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A

fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

-occurring in wrist, hand or foot

33
Q

Ganglion Cyst: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • may or may not be painful

- Bone Spur (Osteophyte) common in cysts at the far joint of the finger

34
Q

Ganglion Cyst: Treatment

A
  • may resolve spontaneously
  • corticosteroids
  • Needle Aspiration (drain) of fluid from the ganglion
35
Q

Fractures: 8 Types

A

break or crack in a bone

  1. Closed (simple)
  2. Open (Compound)
  3. Complicated
  4. Comminuted
  5. Impacted
  6. Incomplete
  7. Greenstick
  8. Colles
36
Q

Fracture: Closed (Simple)

A

break with no external skin wound

37
Q

Fracture: Open (Compound)

A

break with external wound that leads to the fracture site and a piece of bone protruding through the skin

38
Q

Fracture: Complicated

A

broken bone injuries an internal organ, such as the lung

39
Q

Fracture: Comminuted

A

bone broken or splintered into pieces

40
Q

Fracture: Impacted

A

end of broken bone wedged into the interior of another bone

41
Q

Fracture: Incomplete

A

fracture line does not include the whole bone

42
Q

Fracture: Greenstick

A

break in which bone is partially bent and split

-commonly occurs in children or adults with soft bone

43
Q

Fracture: Colles

A

break in lower end of radius

-commonly occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall

44
Q

Fracture: Sign + Symptoms

A

pain, swelling, bruising

  • depend on the cause:
    1. trauma
    2. crushing
    3. pathological
    4. cancer
    5. osteoporosis
45
Q

Fracture: Treatment

A

realignment of broken bone ends (reduction)

  1. closed reduction- manipulating the bones through the skin, followed by immobilization or fixation using casts, slings and taping
  2. open reduction- realignment through a surgical opening, fixation using wires, plates, rods, screws, and pins
46
Q

Internal Fixation

A

immobilize and align the bones by inserting pins and screws

47
Q

Herniated Disk

A

protrusion or herniation, of the nucleus pulpous (gelatinous material at the center of the intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae (Prolapsed disk)

48
Q

Herniated Disk: Signs +Symptoms

A

severe back pain that worsens with motion

49
Q

Herniated Disk: Treatments

A
  • alternating application o heat and cold
  • muscle relaxants
  • Laminectomy
  • spinal fusion
50
Q

Paresthesia

A

sensation of numbness and a burning feeling

51
Q

Sciatica

A

inflammation of major leg nerve

- pain radiating from lower back and down the left leg

52
Q

Traction

A

Treatment for a herniated disk, involves the relief of pain, pressure, and muscle spasms, and the use of weights and pulleys to immobilize the site and facilitate healing

53
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

chronic, progressive, systematic(body) inflammatory disease; slowly destroys cartilage

  • fibrous immobility of joins or ankylosis, resulting in visual deformity
  • edema od synovial membrane
54
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • joint pain and stiffness

- crippling deformities

55
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment

A

NSAID’s
Physical Therapy
surgery

56
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue
-disease progression:
A. Beginning infection
B. blocked blood flow at infection site
C. death of bone at infection site, continued pus formation

57
Q

Osteomyelitis: Signs + Symptoms

A

Acute:
-fever, inflammation (redness, tenderness, heat, pain)
Chronic:
-Ulceration, Drainage, Localized pain

58
Q

Osteomyelitis: Treatment

A

antibiotic therapy
surgical drainage
tissue and bone grafts to restore blood flow

59
Q

Gout

A

systematic connective tissue disorder

  • chronic disorder of uric acid crystals
  • common in middle aged men
60
Q

Gout: Signs + Symptoms

A

one or more severely inflamed joints as a result of buildup of uric acid crystals

  • painful to touch
  • common in the joint of great toe
61
Q

Gout: Treatment

A
  • low purine diet
  • drug therapy
  • NSAID’s to reduce inflammatory response
  • application of heat and cold
62
Q

Arthralgia

A

aches and pains in the knees, red swollen painful knees

63
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of muscles

64
Q

Necrosis

A

localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury

65
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping of one vertebra onto the one below it

with predisposing factors that include spondylosis, degeneration, and birth defects like spina bifida

66
Q

Osteoporosis

A

abnormal bone-density loss with increased porosity, causing brittle bones and increased risk of fracture
-occurs in postmenopausal women

67
Q

Talipes

A

deformity of the foot and ankle, in which the foot is twisted and relatively fixed in an abnormal position

68
Q

Total Hip Anthroplasty

A

replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened to the bone

69
Q

Amputation

A

partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of trauma or circulatory disease

70
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

puncture of joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

71
Q

Laminectomy

A

excision of the posterior arch of vertebra

72
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical procedure to replace the hip joint

73
Q

arthroscopy

A

surgical procedure to replace the hip joint

74
Q

myelography

A

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium
-used to identify and study spinal distortions

75
Q

Rheumatoid Factor

A

blood test used to detect the presence of Rheumatoid factor (Rheumatoid arthritis)

76
Q

NSAID

A

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

77
Q

Bone Diabsorption inhibitor

A

help breakdown bones

78
Q

Salicylate

A

helps with morning pain + stiffness

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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