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Medical Terms > Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Heart

A

Propels blood for the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and immune substances in the body
-circulates blood to the lungs for O2 and CO2 exchange

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2
Q

Heart Structure and Function

A
  • right side (pulmonary circulation) sends blood to the lungs for O2
  • left side (systemic circulation) sends blood to all body systems
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3
Q

Layers of The Heart

A

Epicardium- top layer of the heart
Myocardium- heart muscle
Endocardium- inner lining of the heart
Pericardium- sac holding the heart

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4
Q

Heart Chambers: Atria

A 
receive blood 
right atria (atrium) - deoxygenated blood from venae cavae
left atria (atrium) - oxygenated blood from lungs
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5
Q

Ventricles

A

pump blood from the heart
right ventricle- pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)(below right atrium)
left ventricle- pumps blood through the aorta to the body systems (systemic circulation)(below let atrium)

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6
Q

Heart Valves

A

prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood

  • Tricuspid- from right ventricle into right atrium
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve- from left ventricle into left atrium
  • Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve- from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
  • Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve- from aorta into left ventricle
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7
Q

Heart Valve: Tricuspid

A

prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from right ventricle into right atrium

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8
Q

Heart Valve: Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from left ventricle into left atrium

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9
Q

Heart Valve: Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve

A

prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from pulmonary artery into right ventricle

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10
Q

Heart Valve: Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve

A

prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from aorta into left ventricle

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11
Q

Arteries (blood vessel)

A

carry blood away from the heart

-carry oxygenated blood

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12
Q

Capillaries (blood vessel)

A
  • join arterial system with venous system
  • microscopic vessel
  • have thin walls to allow exchange of substances between blood and body tissues
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13
Q

Veins

A

carry blood to the heart

  • carry deoxygenated blood
  • contain valves to help the return of blood to the heart
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14
Q

4 Chambers Of The Heart

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
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15
Q

Pulmonary artery vs Pulmonary vein

A

pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood

pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood

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16
Q

cardi/o, coron/o

A

heart

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17
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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18
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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19
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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20
Q

phleb/o, ven/o

A

vein

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21
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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22
Q

valv/o, valvul/o

A

valve

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23
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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24
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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25
Q

embol/o

A

embolus

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26
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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27
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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28
Q

sclerosis

A

hardening

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29
Q

sten/o, stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

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30
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

31
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries

  • caused by buildup of fatty plaque
  • affecting any artery but commonly coronary and carotid artery
32
Q

Arteriosclerosis: Signs + Symptoms

A

dependent on location

  • carotid artery- stroke symptoms, vision problems, dizziness, confusion, and headaches
  • coronary artery- angina, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, and nausea
  • peripheral arteries of the legs- claudication, pain triggered by walking, or possibly asymptomatic
33
Q

Arteriosclerosis: Carotid Artery Signs + symptoms

A

stroke symptoms, vision problems, dizziness, confusion, and headaches
-(side of neck)

34
Q

Arteriosclerosis: Coronary Artery Signs + Symptoms

A

angina, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, and nausea
-(main artery in the heart)

35
Q

Arteriosclerosis: Peripheral Arteries of the Legs Signs + Symptoms

A

claudication, pan triggered by walking, or possibly asymptomatic

36
Q

Arteriosclerosis Treatments

A 
Pharmacological
-decrease blood cholesterol
-control blood clotting
Surgical
-endarterectomy 
-vascular bypass surgery
-stenting
37
Q

Endarterectomy

A

removal of plaque buildup

  • procedure to remove atheromatous plaque from the inner lining of the carotid artery
  • in arteriosclerosis
38
Q

An excessive buildup of plaque on the carotid artery can cause?

A

stroke

39
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

any disorder of the coronary arteries that affects the ability to deliver blood to the myocardium

  • commonly caused by arteriosclerosis
  • possible blood-clot formation or rupture caused by plaque
  • partial occlusion- distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function
  • total or almost total occlusion of the coronary artery results in death of distal tissues; infarction or necrosis (death of tissue)
40
Q

Partial occlusion

A

distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function

41
Q

CAD Risk Factors

A
  • smoking
  • stress
  • physical inactivity
  • family history
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • elevated blood cholesterol
42
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Signs + Symptoms

A
  • anginal pain
  • shortness of breath
  • diaphoresis
  • pallor
43
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Treatments

A

-quit smoking
-exercise
-low-fat diet
- weight and stress management
pharmacological
-control of angina, hypertension, and triglyceride levels
-Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
-Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

44
Q

MI (myocardial infarction)

A

“heart attack”

  • chest pain radiates to left arm
  • pale and perspiring(sweating) profusely
  • necrosed heart tissue
45
Q

Ischemia

A

decrease in oxygen;

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply resulting from circulatory obstruction

46
Q

Aneurysm

A

local abnormal dilation of an artery

  • may cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia
  • located in the aorta of the abdomen or chest and the brain
47
Q

3 Types Of Aneurysm

A

Fusiform- spindle-shaped, dilation of entire circumference of the artery
Saccular- sac-shaped, dilation of one side of the artery
Dissecting- separated layers of the vessel wall, a tear in the inner layer caused a cavity to form between the layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heartbeat

48
Q

Aneurysm Signs + Symptoms

A
  • possibly asymptomatic
  • sweating
  • mild to severe weakness
  • hypotension
  • pulsating mass in abdomen
49
Q

Aneurysm Treatments

A

depends on location, size, the likelihood that it will rupture and the general physical status of the patient

  • aortic aneurysm
  • brain aneurysm
50
Q

Aneurysm Treatments; aortic aneurysm

A
  • endovascular stent- graft surgery

- open surgical treatment- placement of a synthetic or stent graft

51
Q

Aneurysm Treatments; Brain aneurysm

A

reserved only for cases that pose a high risk of rupture

52
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure

53
Q

Tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat

54
Q

Varicose Veins

A

twisted, enlarged veins caused by blood pooling in the veins, especially in the legs
-lower legs, esophagus, rectum (hemorrhage)

55
Q

Varicose Veins Signs + Symptoms

A
  • enlarged, twisted veins of the legs
  • pain
  • edema
  • skin ulcers
  • burning sensation
  • itching
56
Q

Varicose Veins Treatments

A

-avoid standing for long periods of time
-elevating legs
-wearing compression stockings
surgery
-sclerotherapy
-laser ablation
-radiofrequency ablation
-ligation and stripping (in heavily damaged or diseased veins)

57
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

injection of an agent that hardens + destroys the varicose veins

58
Q

Arrhythmia

A

inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia

59
Q

Embolus

A

mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in the blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel

60
Q

Hypertension

A

in adults, a persistently elevated blood pressure that exceeds a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg

61
Q

Infarct

A

area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply

62
Q

Stent

A

slender, threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

63
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

surgical treatment of coronary artery disease

-grafted vessel anastomosed (linked) around a blocked segment of the coronary artery

64
Q

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

A
  1. balloon catheter inserted through a small incision and placed at the site of the plaque
  2. balloon inflated, pressing fatty plaque against the vessel wall
  3. balloon deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place
65
Q

Carotid Artery Ultrasound

A
  • painless screening test that uses an ultrasound probe passed over the carotid arteries to produce images of the carotid arteries
  • used to identify blockage in the carotid artery that places one at risk for a stroke
66
Q

Electrocardiography

A

painless, noninvasive test that records electrical impulses of the heart using electrodes placed strategically on the body

  • impulses displayed as a line tracing on a paper strip with spikes and dips called waves
  • wave interpretation identifies various cardiac irregularities
67
Q

ECG holter monitor

A
  • ECG that records electrical activity 24 to 48 hours

- identify irregularities that would be missed with a regular EGG of only a few minutes in duration

68
Q

ECG stress test

A

ECG that evaluates heart function under stressful conditions

  • performed in a control environment
  • drug-induced stress
  • exercise-induced stress, also called treadmill test
69
Q

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)

A
  • device implanted in patients at risk for developing arrhythmias
  • delivers of a jolt of electricity to restart the heart if it stops
  • monitors heart rate and corrects tachycardia(rapid heart rate) or bradycardia (slow heart rate)
70
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

catheter (small tube) guided into the heart via a vein or an artery for diagnostic purposes including:

  • measuring blood flow through coronary vessels
  • measure intracardiac or intravascular pressure
  • obtaining blood samples
71
Q

Coronary Angiography

A
  • radiological procedure hat visualizes the coronary arteries
  • images identify areas of obstruction and stenosis in coronary arteries
  • cardiac catheter under fluoroscopic guidance administers a contrast medium to facilitate imaging
72
Q

Thrombolytic

A

dissolves a blood clot

73
Q

Statin

A

drug that reduces cholesterol levels

74
Q

Beta Blocker

A

medication that reduces blood pressure

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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