Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Heart
Propels blood for the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and immune substances in the body
-circulates blood to the lungs for O2 and CO2 exchange
Heart Structure and Function
- right side (pulmonary circulation) sends blood to the lungs for O2
- left side (systemic circulation) sends blood to all body systems
Layers of The Heart
Epicardium- top layer of the heart
Myocardium- heart muscle
Endocardium- inner lining of the heart
Pericardium- sac holding the heart
Heart Chambers: Atria
receive blood right atria (atrium) - deoxygenated blood from venae cavae left atria (atrium) - oxygenated blood from lungs
Ventricles
pump blood from the heart
right ventricle- pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)(below right atrium)
left ventricle- pumps blood through the aorta to the body systems (systemic circulation)(below let atrium)
Heart Valves
prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood
- Tricuspid- from right ventricle into right atrium
- Bicuspid (mitral) valve- from left ventricle into left atrium
- Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve- from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
- Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve- from aorta into left ventricle
Heart Valve: Tricuspid
prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from right ventricle into right atrium
Heart Valve: Bicuspid (mitral) valve
prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from left ventricle into left atrium
Heart Valve: Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve
prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
Heart Valve: Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve
prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood from aorta into left ventricle
Arteries (blood vessel)
carry blood away from the heart
-carry oxygenated blood
Capillaries (blood vessel)
- join arterial system with venous system
- microscopic vessel
- have thin walls to allow exchange of substances between blood and body tissues
Veins
carry blood to the heart
- carry deoxygenated blood
- contain valves to help the return of blood to the heart
4 Chambers Of The Heart
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricle
Pulmonary artery vs Pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood
cardi/o, coron/o
heart
atri/o
atrium
ventricul/o
ventricle
sept/o
septum
phleb/o, ven/o
vein
arteri/o
artery
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
electr/o
electricity
ather/o
fatty plaque
embol/o
embolus
sphygm/o
pulse
my/o
muscle
sclerosis
hardening
sten/o, stenosis
narrowing, stricture
thromb/o
blood clot
Arteriosclerosis
progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries
- caused by buildup of fatty plaque
- affecting any artery but commonly coronary and carotid artery
Arteriosclerosis: Signs + Symptoms
dependent on location
- carotid artery- stroke symptoms, vision problems, dizziness, confusion, and headaches
- coronary artery- angina, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, and nausea
- peripheral arteries of the legs- claudication, pain triggered by walking, or possibly asymptomatic
Arteriosclerosis: Carotid Artery Signs + symptoms
stroke symptoms, vision problems, dizziness, confusion, and headaches
-(side of neck)
Arteriosclerosis: Coronary Artery Signs + Symptoms
angina, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, and nausea
-(main artery in the heart)
Arteriosclerosis: Peripheral Arteries of the Legs Signs + Symptoms
claudication, pan triggered by walking, or possibly asymptomatic
Arteriosclerosis Treatments
Pharmacological -decrease blood cholesterol -control blood clotting Surgical -endarterectomy -vascular bypass surgery -stenting
Endarterectomy
removal of plaque buildup
- procedure to remove atheromatous plaque from the inner lining of the carotid artery
- in arteriosclerosis
An excessive buildup of plaque on the carotid artery can cause?
stroke
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
any disorder of the coronary arteries that affects the ability to deliver blood to the myocardium
- commonly caused by arteriosclerosis
- possible blood-clot formation or rupture caused by plaque
- partial occlusion- distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function
- total or almost total occlusion of the coronary artery results in death of distal tissues; infarction or necrosis (death of tissue)
Partial occlusion
distal tissues become ischemic, compromising heart function
CAD Risk Factors
- smoking
- stress
- physical inactivity
- family history
- diabetes
- obesity
- elevated blood cholesterol
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Signs + Symptoms
- anginal pain
- shortness of breath
- diaphoresis
- pallor
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Treatments
-quit smoking
-exercise
-low-fat diet
- weight and stress management
pharmacological
-control of angina, hypertension, and triglyceride levels
-Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
-Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
MI (myocardial infarction)
“heart attack”
- chest pain radiates to left arm
- pale and perspiring(sweating) profusely
- necrosed heart tissue
Ischemia
decrease in oxygen;
local and temporary deficiency of blood supply resulting from circulatory obstruction
Aneurysm
local abnormal dilation of an artery
- may cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage from rupture, or ischemia
- located in the aorta of the abdomen or chest and the brain
3 Types Of Aneurysm
Fusiform- spindle-shaped, dilation of entire circumference of the artery
Saccular- sac-shaped, dilation of one side of the artery
Dissecting- separated layers of the vessel wall, a tear in the inner layer caused a cavity to form between the layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heartbeat
Aneurysm Signs + Symptoms
- possibly asymptomatic
- sweating
- mild to severe weakness
- hypotension
- pulsating mass in abdomen
Aneurysm Treatments
depends on location, size, the likelihood that it will rupture and the general physical status of the patient
- aortic aneurysm
- brain aneurysm
Aneurysm Treatments; aortic aneurysm
- endovascular stent- graft surgery
- open surgical treatment- placement of a synthetic or stent graft
Aneurysm Treatments; Brain aneurysm
reserved only for cases that pose a high risk of rupture
Hypotension
low blood pressure
Tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
Varicose Veins
twisted, enlarged veins caused by blood pooling in the veins, especially in the legs
-lower legs, esophagus, rectum (hemorrhage)
Varicose Veins Signs + Symptoms
- enlarged, twisted veins of the legs
- pain
- edema
- skin ulcers
- burning sensation
- itching
Varicose Veins Treatments
-avoid standing for long periods of time
-elevating legs
-wearing compression stockings
surgery
-sclerotherapy
-laser ablation
-radiofrequency ablation
-ligation and stripping (in heavily damaged or diseased veins)
Sclerotherapy
injection of an agent that hardens + destroys the varicose veins
Arrhythmia
inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia
Embolus
mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in the blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel
Hypertension
in adults, a persistently elevated blood pressure that exceeds a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg
Infarct
area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply
Stent
slender, threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
surgical treatment of coronary artery disease
-grafted vessel anastomosed (linked) around a blocked segment of the coronary artery
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
- balloon catheter inserted through a small incision and placed at the site of the plaque
- balloon inflated, pressing fatty plaque against the vessel wall
- balloon deflated and removed, leaving the stent in place
Carotid Artery Ultrasound
- painless screening test that uses an ultrasound probe passed over the carotid arteries to produce images of the carotid arteries
- used to identify blockage in the carotid artery that places one at risk for a stroke
Electrocardiography
painless, noninvasive test that records electrical impulses of the heart using electrodes placed strategically on the body
- impulses displayed as a line tracing on a paper strip with spikes and dips called waves
- wave interpretation identifies various cardiac irregularities
ECG holter monitor
- ECG that records electrical activity 24 to 48 hours
- identify irregularities that would be missed with a regular EGG of only a few minutes in duration
ECG stress test
ECG that evaluates heart function under stressful conditions
- performed in a control environment
- drug-induced stress
- exercise-induced stress, also called treadmill test
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)
- device implanted in patients at risk for developing arrhythmias
- delivers of a jolt of electricity to restart the heart if it stops
- monitors heart rate and corrects tachycardia(rapid heart rate) or bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Cardiac Catheterization
catheter (small tube) guided into the heart via a vein or an artery for diagnostic purposes including:
- measuring blood flow through coronary vessels
- measure intracardiac or intravascular pressure
- obtaining blood samples
Coronary Angiography
- radiological procedure hat visualizes the coronary arteries
- images identify areas of obstruction and stenosis in coronary arteries
- cardiac catheter under fluoroscopic guidance administers a contrast medium to facilitate imaging
Thrombolytic
dissolves a blood clot
Statin
drug that reduces cholesterol levels
Beta Blocker
medication that reduces blood pressure
