Body Structure: Chapter 4 Flashcards
Levels Of Organization
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
Cell
The smallest structural and functional unit of life.
-perform all functions associated with life: utilizing food, reproducing, eliminating waste.
Cytology
The study of the body at cellular level
Tissues
Composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions
How many tissues does the body have?
Four
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Covers the surface of the organs, lining the cavities, and the outer layer of the skin: epidermis
Connective Tissue
Supports other body tissues, like cartilage, adipose, bone, blood
Muscle Tissue
Responsible for movement, this is a contractile tissue
Nervous Tissue
Transmits electrical impulses to relay information throughout the body
Organs
Composed of two or more tissue types
ex: the stomach is composed of muscle and connective tissue, with epithelial tissue lining the outside of the stomach
Systems
A body system is composed of various numbers of organs and structures with similar functions.
ex: the organs of the gastrointestinal system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. Together they work together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products.
Organism
The highest level of organization. They are made up of several body systems that work together to sustain life.
Body Plane
Imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
- Midsagittal (median) plane
- Coronal (frontal) plane
- Transverse (horizontal) plane
Midsagittal (median) plane
Runs through the center of the body, divides into right and left halves
Coronal (frontal) plane
Divides into an anterior and posterior section
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides into a top and bottom section
superior
above; toward the head or upper portion of a structure
inferior
below; away from the head or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
anterior (ventral)
Front (of the body)
posterior (dorsal)
Back ( of the body)
proximal
Going up; nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
distal
Going down; further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
lateral
Pertaining to a side
medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
Body Cavities
spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs.
- Dorsal Cavity
- Ventral Cavity
Dorsal Cavity (posterior)
Divided into cranial and spinal cavities
-located on the back of the body (posterior)
Ventral Cavity (anterior)
Divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities or thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
-located on the front of the body (anterior)
Abdominopelvic Cavity Quadrants
Divided into four quadrants by two imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus of the body
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
-provides reference points; location of incision sites, abdominal pain, abdominopelvic organs, operative and physical examinations
Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
9 Regions:
- Right hypochondriac- upper right lateral region beneath ribs
- Epigastric- upper middle region
- Left hypochondriac- upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
- Right Lumbar- middle right lateral region
- Umbilical- region of the navel
- Left Lumbar- middle left lateral region
- Right inguinal (iliac)- lower right lateral region
- Hypogastric- lower middle region
- Left inguinal (iliac)- lower left lateral region
cyt/o
-cell
kary/o, nucle/o
-nucleus
hist/o
-tissue
cervical
neck
thoracic
chest
lumbar
loin (lower back, lower spine)
sacral
Sacrum (lower spine)
coccyx
tailbone
erythr/o
red
albin/o, leuk/o
white
melan/o
black
cyan/o
blue
cirrh/o, juand/o, xanth/o
yellow
chrom/o
color
xer/o
dry
acr/o
extremity
viscer/o
internal organs
path/o
disease
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
Disease
pathological (morbid) condition with a group of signs, symptoms and clinical findings
- Objective indicator of a disease
ex: rash, swelling, lump (you can see it) - disrupts homeostasis (state of equilibrium within internal environment of the body), including temperature, hydration(fluid volume), acidity and salts(electrolytes)
Symptom (Sx)
Subjective indicator of a disease
ex: dizziness, nausea, pain (what the patient tells you)
Diagnosis (Dx)
The cause and nature of a disease
ex: Dx: lung cancer
Prognosis
Predication of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
ex: prognosis poor from stage 4 lung cancer, recommending consult with hospice
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
inflammation
body defense against injury and disease that limits the spread of injury and aids in healing; characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain
febrile
feverish; pertaining to a fever
morbid
diseased, unhealthy
sepsis
presence of pathogens in blood or other tissues
suppurative
producing or pertaining to the generation of pus
Electrocardiography (ECG)
recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart
Spirometry
pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs
- aids in assessment of lung disorders
- improves lung function
Anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other
Biopsy
removal of a representative sample for evaluation
-sample of tissue, blood, or body fluid
Endoscopy
visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope
Radiography (X-ray)
use of an electromagnetic beam passed through the body to produce images
Ultrasound (US)
ultra-high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of body structure on a computer screen
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
use of radioactive chemical called a tracer that is introduced into the body
- positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce a image
- identification of areas of increased or decreased metabolic activity
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
use of radio waves and strong magnet to produce multiplanar, cross-sectional images
Computed Tomography (CT)
narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient
