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Medical Terms > Body Structure: Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Body Structure: Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Levels Of Organization

A
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • system
  • organism
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2
Q

Cell

A

The smallest structural and functional unit of life.

-perform all functions associated with life: utilizing food, reproducing, eliminating waste.

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3
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the body at cellular level

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4
Q

Tissues

A

Composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions

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5
Q

How many tissues does the body have?

A

Four

  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers the surface of the organs, lining the cavities, and the outer layer of the skin: epidermis

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports other body tissues, like cartilage, adipose, bone, blood

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8
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Responsible for movement, this is a contractile tissue

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9
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Transmits electrical impulses to relay information throughout the body

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10
Q

Organs

A

Composed of two or more tissue types

ex: the stomach is composed of muscle and connective tissue, with epithelial tissue lining the outside of the stomach

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11
Q

Systems

A

A body system is composed of various numbers of organs and structures with similar functions.
ex: the organs of the gastrointestinal system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. Together they work together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products.

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12
Q

Organism

A

The highest level of organization. They are made up of several body systems that work together to sustain life.

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13
Q

Body Plane

A

Imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections

  • Midsagittal (median) plane
  • Coronal (frontal) plane
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane
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14
Q

Midsagittal (median) plane

A

Runs through the center of the body, divides into right and left halves

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15
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A

Divides into an anterior and posterior section

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16
Q

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A

Divides into a top and bottom section

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17
Q

superior

A

above; toward the head or upper portion of a structure

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18
Q

inferior

A

below; away from the head or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

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19
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

Front (of the body)

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20
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

Back ( of the body)

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21
Q

proximal

A

Going up; nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

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22
Q

distal

A

Going down; further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

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23
Q

lateral

A

Pertaining to a side

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24
Q

medial

A

Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

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25
Q

Body Cavities

A

spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

  1. Dorsal Cavity
  2. Ventral Cavity
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26
Q

Dorsal Cavity (posterior)

A

Divided into cranial and spinal cavities

-located on the back of the body (posterior)

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27
Q

Ventral Cavity (anterior)

A

Divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities or thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
-located on the front of the body (anterior)

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28
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity Quadrants

A

Divided into four quadrants by two imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus of the body

  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

-provides reference points; location of incision sites, abdominal pain, abdominopelvic organs, operative and physical examinations

29
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

A

9 Regions:

  • Right hypochondriac- upper right lateral region beneath ribs
  • Epigastric- upper middle region
  • Left hypochondriac- upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
  • Right Lumbar- middle right lateral region
  • Umbilical- region of the navel
  • Left Lumbar- middle left lateral region
  • Right inguinal (iliac)- lower right lateral region
  • Hypogastric- lower middle region
  • Left inguinal (iliac)- lower left lateral region
30
Q

cyt/o

A

-cell

31
Q

kary/o, nucle/o

A

-nucleus

32
Q

hist/o

A

-tissue

33
Q

cervical

A

neck

34
Q

thoracic

A

chest

35
Q

lumbar

A

loin (lower back, lower spine)

36
Q

sacral

A

Sacrum (lower spine)

37
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

38
Q

erythr/o

A

red

39
Q

albin/o, leuk/o

A

white

40
Q

melan/o

A

black

41
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

42
Q

cirrh/o, juand/o, xanth/o

A

yellow

43
Q

chrom/o

A

color

44
Q

xer/o

A

dry

45
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

46
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

47
Q

path/o

A

disease

48
Q

idi/o

A

unknown, peculiar

49
Q

Disease

A

pathological (morbid) condition with a group of signs, symptoms and clinical findings

  • Objective indicator of a disease
    ex: rash, swelling, lump (you can see it)
  • disrupts homeostasis (state of equilibrium within internal environment of the body), including temperature, hydration(fluid volume), acidity and salts(electrolytes)
50
Q

Symptom (Sx)

A

Subjective indicator of a disease

ex: dizziness, nausea, pain (what the patient tells you)

51
Q

Diagnosis (Dx)

A

The cause and nature of a disease

ex: Dx: lung cancer

52
Q

Prognosis

A

Predication of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
ex: prognosis poor from stage 4 lung cancer, recommending consult with hospice

53
Q

adhesion

A

abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

54
Q

inflammation

A

body defense against injury and disease that limits the spread of injury and aids in healing; characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain

55
Q

febrile

A

feverish; pertaining to a fever

56
Q

morbid

A

diseased, unhealthy

57
Q

sepsis

A

presence of pathogens in blood or other tissues

58
Q

suppurative

A

producing or pertaining to the generation of pus

59
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG)

A

recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart

60
Q

Spirometry

A

pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs

  • aids in assessment of lung disorders
  • improves lung function
61
Q

Anastomosis

A

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other

62
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of a representative sample for evaluation

-sample of tissue, blood, or body fluid

63
Q

Endoscopy

A

visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope

64
Q

Radiography (X-ray)

A

use of an electromagnetic beam passed through the body to produce images

65
Q

Ultrasound (US)

A

ultra-high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of body structure on a computer screen

66
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

use of radioactive chemical called a tracer that is introduced into the body

  • positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce a image
  • identification of areas of increased or decreased metabolic activity
67
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

use of radio waves and strong magnet to produce multiplanar, cross-sectional images

68
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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