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Medical Terms > Blood, Lymph, And Immune Systems > Flashcards

Blood, Lymph, And Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood: Structure and Function

A

Composed of formed elements

  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets

Formed elements suspended in a liquid called
= plasma

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2
Q

Blood: erythrocytes

A

Transports O2 to cells and remove CO2 from the cells

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3
Q

Blood: leukocytes

A

Provide protection against invasion by pathogens and aid in the healing process
-provide body defense against infection and aid in tissue repair

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4
Q

Blood: platelets

A

Provide a mechanism for blood clotting

- provide a blood clotting mechanism when injuries cause bleeding

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5
Q

agglutin/o

A

Clumping, gluing

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6
Q

Thromb/o

A

Blood clot

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7
Q

Ser/o

A

Serum

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8
Q

Kary/o, nucle/o

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Sider/o

A

iron

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10
Q

Phag/o

A

Swallowing, eating

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11
Q

Stasis

A

Stays in one spot

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12
Q

Lymphatic System

A

network of vessels that drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood

  • maintains the cells that defend the body against disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells
  • helps maintain fluid balance and defends the body against microorganisms
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13
Q

Lymphatic System: Structure and Function

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • lymph vessels and lymph fluid
  • tonsils, thymus, and spleen
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14
Q

How does the Lymphatic system maintain fluid balances?

A

drains excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to the blood

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15
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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16
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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17
Q

tonsil/o

A

tonsil

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18
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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19
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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20
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

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21
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

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22
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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23
Q

angi/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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24
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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25
Q

xen/o

A

foreign, strange

26
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Decreases in red blood cells (RBCs) by insufficient iron in the diet

  • large, central paleness (pallor) in RBCs on microscopic examination
  • most common anemia in the U.S.
  • common in adolescents and premenopausal women during menses
27
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • extreme fatigue
  • cold hands and feet
  • headaches
28
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Treatments

A
  • Depends on the severity and cause of the anemia
  • oral or parenteral (intramuscular or IV) iron supplements
  • dietary modifications, which are commonly sufficient to restore lost iron reserves
  • red cell transfusions possibly required in elderly patients
29
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Caused by inadequate levels of vitamin B12

-characteristic formation of large, abnormal red blood cells (RBC’s)

30
Q

Pernicious Anemia: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • weakness, nausea, vomiting
  • inflammation of nerves (neuritis)
  • muscular incoordination
  • lightheadedness and impaired memory
  • neurological signs and systems progress
31
Q

Pernicious Anemia: Treatments

A
  • vitamin B12 injections
  • dietary, such as including red meats and liver
  • possibly lifelong treatment required
32
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Hereditary form of anemia in which red blood cells (RBC’s) take on an abnormal, crescent shape

  • clumping of crescent-shaped RBC’s, preventing them from passing through blood vessels
  • impaired circulation and chronic organ damage
33
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • anemia (in all individuals with sickle cell anemia)
  • episodic attacks of intense pain (pain cries) in arms, legs, or abdomen
  • jaundice in white of the eye (sclera)
  • painful cries possibly triggered by infections, stress, and extremes in temperature
  • clinical manifestations in many body systems and organs
34
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatments

A
  • Analgesics
  • adequate hydration (keep them hydrated)
  • regular blood transfusions, which are useful in decreasing the severity of the disease
  • in severe cases, bone marrow transplant
35
Q

Hypochromic

A

when there is sufficient iron in RBCs they have a very light color described as hypochromic

36
Q

Leukemia

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow
(Malignancy of the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow)
-proliferation of white blood cells (WBC’s) that are unable to carry on their normal function
-crowding out of RBC’s and platelets by WBC’s, leading to anemia and bruising and bleeding problems
-acute and chronic forms

37
Q

Leukemia: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph glands(nodes)
  • fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and exercise intolerance
  • night sweats and joint pains
  • some forms asymptomatic until late in disease
38
Q

Leukemia: Treatments

A

depends on the type of leukemia and the stage of development

  • variety of chemotherapeutic agents
  • bone marrow transplants
39
Q

Lymphedema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissues

  • especially common in the arms and legs
  • possibly caused by injury to the tissue (as in burns) or blockage of the lymph channels
  • possibly leading to fibrosis and inflammation of the tissues
40
Q

Lymphedema: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • generalized swelling of an arm or leg that may occur after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes has been removed
  • most common cause: radial mastectomy with removal of underarm lymph nodes
  • ineffective drainage of tissue fluid, causing edema
  • other causes: injury (trauma), radiation therapy, surgery, skin infections, and tumors
41
Q

Lymphedema: Treatments

A
  • compression (usually with multilayered bandages) to limit swelling and promote lymph drainage
  • manual lymph drainage
  • elevation of the body part to promote drainage
  • range-of-motion exercises
42
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

malignancy of connective tissue that causes purple, red or brown patches to form under the skin and mucous membranes

  • lesions that generally appear on the legs and spread to the face, neck, back, and mouth
  • possible invasion of internal organs, including the lungs, intestines, and liver
  • closely associated with HIV infection and considered and “AIDs-defining condition”
43
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • purple, red, or brown patches on the skin or mucous membranes
  • weight loss due to pain caused by eating when lesions are in the mouth or throat
  • dyspnea when found in the lungs
  • appearance first on lower extremities but spreading to upper body, face, mucous membranes of the throat and internal organs
44
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma: Treatments

A
  • depends on the stage of infection and degree of metastasis
  • commonly radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy
  • palliative treatment and good oral hygiene (essential)
45
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • development of antibodies that attack the skin, joints, and other organs of the body
  • mild to life-threatening disease
  • pattern of “flares” and remissions
  • more common in women
46
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • fatigue, joint pain, anemia
  • abnormal blood clotting and edema
  • butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
  • sensitivity to light and sun
47
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Treatments

A
  • anti-inflammatories
  • corticosteroids
  • antimalarials
  • immunosuppressives
  • anticoagulants (prevent formation of a postsurgical blood clot)
48
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency in the number of circulating platelets

  • most common cause of hemorrhagic disorders
  • serious threat to hemostasis because of the vital role that platelets play in coagulation
49
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Signs and Symptoms

A
  • bruising
  • bleeding from the nose and gums
  • prolonged bleeding after injury or dental procedures
  • petechiae on the skin
50
Q

Thrombocytopenia: Treatments

A

Treatment of the underlying cause of the platelet deficiency

  • whole blood transfusions
  • packed red blood cell transfusions
  • platelet transfusion
51
Q

Antibody (immunoglobulin)

A

protein produced by B cells that protects against substances that are potentially harmful to the body

52
Q

Antigen

A

substance recognized by the immune system that will elicit the production of antibodies

53
Q

Ascites

A

accumulation of serous fluid in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity

54
Q

ecchymosis

A

purple, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area under the skin; also called a bruise

55
Q

Petechiae

A

small, pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin

56
Q

Titer

A

blood test that measures the amount of antibodies in the blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune system

57
Q

Blood Transfusion

A

whole blood, blood cells, or plasma given by intravenous transfusion
-complete correction of blood loss
Two Types: Autologous and Homologous

58
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant

A

aspiration of red bone marrow from the hip bone of a matched donor

  • destruction of all cancerous cells with chemotherapy or radiation (which destroys all cells in red bone marrow)
  • transfusion of donated bone marrow cells, which travel through the blood to the bone and implant
59
Q

Lymphangiectomy

A

excision of one or more pathological lymph vessels

-treatment for cancer

60
Q

Bone Marrow Aspiration

A

withdrawal of bone marrow for microscopic evaluation (usually from the pelvic bone or, rarely, the sternum)

61
Q

Thrombolytic

A

help dissolve a blood clot

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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