Blood, Lymph, And Immune Systems Flashcards
Blood: Structure and Function
Composed of formed elements
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
Formed elements suspended in a liquid called
= plasma
Blood: erythrocytes
Transports O2 to cells and remove CO2 from the cells
Blood: leukocytes
Provide protection against invasion by pathogens and aid in the healing process
-provide body defense against infection and aid in tissue repair
Blood: platelets
Provide a mechanism for blood clotting
- provide a blood clotting mechanism when injuries cause bleeding
agglutin/o
Clumping, gluing
Thromb/o
Blood clot
Ser/o
Serum
Kary/o, nucle/o
Nucleus
Sider/o
iron
Phag/o
Swallowing, eating
Stasis
Stays in one spot
Lymphatic System
network of vessels that drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood
- maintains the cells that defend the body against disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells
- helps maintain fluid balance and defends the body against microorganisms
Lymphatic System: Structure and Function
- Lymph nodes
- lymph vessels and lymph fluid
- tonsils, thymus, and spleen
How does the Lymphatic system maintain fluid balances?
drains excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to the blood
cervic/o
neck
thym/o
thymus
tonsil/o
tonsil
splen/o
spleen
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
inguin/o
groin
lymphaden/o
lymph gland (node)
aden/o
gland
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
lymph/o
lymph
xen/o
foreign, strange
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Decreases in red blood cells (RBCs) by insufficient iron in the diet
- large, central paleness (pallor) in RBCs on microscopic examination
- most common anemia in the U.S.
- common in adolescents and premenopausal women during menses
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Signs and Symptoms
- extreme fatigue
- cold hands and feet
- headaches
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Treatments
- Depends on the severity and cause of the anemia
- oral or parenteral (intramuscular or IV) iron supplements
- dietary modifications, which are commonly sufficient to restore lost iron reserves
- red cell transfusions possibly required in elderly patients
Pernicious Anemia
Caused by inadequate levels of vitamin B12
-characteristic formation of large, abnormal red blood cells (RBC’s)
Pernicious Anemia: Signs and Symptoms
- weakness, nausea, vomiting
- inflammation of nerves (neuritis)
- muscular incoordination
- lightheadedness and impaired memory
- neurological signs and systems progress
Pernicious Anemia: Treatments
- vitamin B12 injections
- dietary, such as including red meats and liver
- possibly lifelong treatment required
Sickle Cell Anemia
Hereditary form of anemia in which red blood cells (RBC’s) take on an abnormal, crescent shape
- clumping of crescent-shaped RBC’s, preventing them from passing through blood vessels
- impaired circulation and chronic organ damage
Sickle Cell Anemia: Signs and Symptoms
- anemia (in all individuals with sickle cell anemia)
- episodic attacks of intense pain (pain cries) in arms, legs, or abdomen
- jaundice in white of the eye (sclera)
- painful cries possibly triggered by infections, stress, and extremes in temperature
- clinical manifestations in many body systems and organs
Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatments
- Analgesics
- adequate hydration (keep them hydrated)
- regular blood transfusions, which are useful in decreasing the severity of the disease
- in severe cases, bone marrow transplant
Hypochromic
when there is sufficient iron in RBCs they have a very light color described as hypochromic
Leukemia
Malignancy of the bone marrow
(Malignancy of the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow)
-proliferation of white blood cells (WBC’s) that are unable to carry on their normal function
-crowding out of RBC’s and platelets by WBC’s, leading to anemia and bruising and bleeding problems
-acute and chronic forms
Leukemia: Signs and Symptoms
- splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph glands(nodes)
- fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and exercise intolerance
- night sweats and joint pains
- some forms asymptomatic until late in disease
Leukemia: Treatments
depends on the type of leukemia and the stage of development
- variety of chemotherapeutic agents
- bone marrow transplants
Lymphedema
abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissues
- especially common in the arms and legs
- possibly caused by injury to the tissue (as in burns) or blockage of the lymph channels
- possibly leading to fibrosis and inflammation of the tissues
Lymphedema: Signs and Symptoms
- generalized swelling of an arm or leg that may occur after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes has been removed
- most common cause: radial mastectomy with removal of underarm lymph nodes
- ineffective drainage of tissue fluid, causing edema
- other causes: injury (trauma), radiation therapy, surgery, skin infections, and tumors
Lymphedema: Treatments
- compression (usually with multilayered bandages) to limit swelling and promote lymph drainage
- manual lymph drainage
- elevation of the body part to promote drainage
- range-of-motion exercises
Kaposi Sarcoma
malignancy of connective tissue that causes purple, red or brown patches to form under the skin and mucous membranes
- lesions that generally appear on the legs and spread to the face, neck, back, and mouth
- possible invasion of internal organs, including the lungs, intestines, and liver
- closely associated with HIV infection and considered and “AIDs-defining condition”
Kaposi Sarcoma: Signs and Symptoms
- purple, red, or brown patches on the skin or mucous membranes
- weight loss due to pain caused by eating when lesions are in the mouth or throat
- dyspnea when found in the lungs
- appearance first on lower extremities but spreading to upper body, face, mucous membranes of the throat and internal organs
Kaposi Sarcoma: Treatments
- depends on the stage of infection and degree of metastasis
- commonly radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy
- palliative treatment and good oral hygiene (essential)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- autoimmune disease
- development of antibodies that attack the skin, joints, and other organs of the body
- mild to life-threatening disease
- pattern of “flares” and remissions
- more common in women
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Signs and Symptoms
- fatigue, joint pain, anemia
- abnormal blood clotting and edema
- butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
- sensitivity to light and sun
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Treatments
- anti-inflammatories
- corticosteroids
- antimalarials
- immunosuppressives
- anticoagulants (prevent formation of a postsurgical blood clot)
Thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of circulating platelets
- most common cause of hemorrhagic disorders
- serious threat to hemostasis because of the vital role that platelets play in coagulation
Thrombocytopenia: Signs and Symptoms
- bruising
- bleeding from the nose and gums
- prolonged bleeding after injury or dental procedures
- petechiae on the skin
Thrombocytopenia: Treatments
Treatment of the underlying cause of the platelet deficiency
- whole blood transfusions
- packed red blood cell transfusions
- platelet transfusion
Antibody (immunoglobulin)
protein produced by B cells that protects against substances that are potentially harmful to the body
Antigen
substance recognized by the immune system that will elicit the production of antibodies
Ascites
accumulation of serous fluid in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity
ecchymosis
purple, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area under the skin; also called a bruise
Petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin
Titer
blood test that measures the amount of antibodies in the blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune system
Blood Transfusion
whole blood, blood cells, or plasma given by intravenous transfusion
-complete correction of blood loss
Two Types: Autologous and Homologous
Bone Marrow Transplant
aspiration of red bone marrow from the hip bone of a matched donor
- destruction of all cancerous cells with chemotherapy or radiation (which destroys all cells in red bone marrow)
- transfusion of donated bone marrow cells, which travel through the blood to the bone and implant
Lymphangiectomy
excision of one or more pathological lymph vessels
-treatment for cancer
Bone Marrow Aspiration
withdrawal of bone marrow for microscopic evaluation (usually from the pelvic bone or, rarely, the sternum)
Thrombolytic
help dissolve a blood clot
