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Medical Terms > Female and Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female and Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Female Reproductive System

A
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Vulva
  • Mammary Glands
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2
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Two ovaries located on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity
  • Production of estrogen and progesterone, which affects puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy
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3
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A
  • Extending laterally at superior angle from the uterus
  • Pathway of ovum into uterus
  • Fimbria- finger-like projections that propel the ovum into the oviduct
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4
Q

Uterus

A
  • Muscular, hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended by ligaments in the pelvic cavity
  • Responsible for housing and nourishing the embryo from implantation of the fertilized egg until birth
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5
Q

Vagina

A
  • Muscular tube extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
  • Organ of sexual intercourse
  • Passageway for delivery of the fetus
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6
Q

Clitoris

A
  • located anterior to the vaginal orifice
  • organ of sexual response in the female
  • composed of erectile tissue with sensory nerve endings
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7
Q

Vulva

A

Structures of the external genitalia
-Labia majora: thicker, outermost structures
-Labia minora: smooth, thin, inner structures
Responsible for protecting the internal genitals

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8
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • glandular lobes located in the breast of females that contain milk ducts, which lead to an opening in the nipple of the breast
  • not directly involved in reproduction
  • more important after delivery
  • production of milk to nourish neonate(newborn) after birth
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9
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • implantation and growth of fertilized ovum in places other than the uterine cavity
  • most common site in a fallopian tube
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10
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • signs of early pregnancy
  • abdominal pain and tenderness as well as slight vaginal bleeding
  • life-threatening rupture of a fallopian tube due to development of the conceptus, causing severe abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding
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11
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy: Treatment

A
  • Laparotomy, with all attempts made to save the ovary
  • possible removal of a ruptured fallopian tube
  • possible blood transfusion in severe intra-abdominal bleeding or hypovolemic shock
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12
Q

Breast Cancer

A
  • encompassing a variety of malignant neoplasms (abnormal growth of tissue) of the breast
  • usually beginning in the cells of the lobules (milk-producing glands) or the ducts that carry milk to the nipple
  • most common malignancy of women in the U.S.
  • associated with ovarian hormone function
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13
Q

Breast Cancer: Signs + Symptoms

A

Early Signs + Symptoms:
-common early sign: abnormality detected on a mammogram
-other early signs and symptoms: swelling, lump, dimpling, retraction of the nipple, discharge from the nipple, tenderness
Advanced Signs + Symptoms:
-nodularity, redness, edema, skin ulceration, enlarged or shrunken breast
-most common lump site: upper, outer quadrant of the breast

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14
Q

Breast Cancer: Contributing Factors

A
  • high-fat diet
  • family history of breast cancer
  • use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially for prolonged periods of time
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15
Q

Breast Cancer: Treatment

A
  • Lumpectomy
    ex: primary tumor and surrounding tissue removed
  • Modified radical mastectomy
    ex: entire breast and underarm lymph nodes removed with chest muscles left intact
  • adjuvant chemotherapy possibly indicated after surgery if malignant cells found in lymph nodes
  • any combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy
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16
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus

- tissue found anywhere in the body, but most commonly within the pelvic area

17
Q

Endometriosis: Signs + Symptoms

A
  • dysmenorrhea with pain in the lower back and vagina
  • severity of pain not indicative of extent of disease
  • dyspareunia (painful sex)
  • dysuria (painful peeing)
  • painful defecation (less common)
18
Q

Endometriosis: Treatment

A

Based on the type of severity of symptoms

  • aim to alleviate symptoms through medications or surgery
  • shrinking or slowing down endometrial growth using hormone therapy (usually estrogen in mild cases)
  • if no pregnancy planned, birth control methods (patch, pills or rings) to control the disorder
  • surgery (laparoscopic) for severe symptoms to remove endometrial growth and adhesions
  • Hysterectomy in most severe cases
19
Q

Hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of the uterus

  • Subtotal Hysterectomy- uterus removed
  • Total Hysterectomy- uterus and cervix removed
  • Total Hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy- take ovaries with it
20
Q

Laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the abdominal cavity with an endoscope (laparoscope) through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

21
Q

Mammography

A

Radiographic (x-ray) examination of the breasts

  • use of a special machine that spreads and flattens breast tissue to a thin layer
  • providing more effective visualization of benign or malignant growths that are typically hidden by breast structures on a typical chest examination
22
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
  • used to detect genetic and biochemical disorders and fetal maturity
23
Q

Male Reproductive System

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Bulbourethral Gland
  • Prostate Gland
  • Penis
24
Q

Testes

A
  • located in the scrotum
  • production of sperm, the male sex cell
  • secretion of testosterone, the hormone that develops and maintains maleness
25
Q

Epididymis

A
  • located on top of the testes

- storage place for sperm before ejaculation

26
Q

Vas deferens

A

transportation of sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

27
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A
  • nutrients to support sperm

- production of approximately 60% of the seminal fluid ejaculated during intercourse

28
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

duct through which semen enters the urethra

29
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper Glands)

A

production of alkaline fluid necessary for sperm viability

30
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • Triple-lobed organ situated at base of bladder

- production of an alkaline substance that protects sperm against the acid environment of the vagina

31
Q

Penis

A
  • organ of copulation composed of erectile tissue
  • enclosing the urethra, the structure that expels urine and semen from the body
  • production of male sex cells (called sperm)
  • transportation of sperm to sites of fertilization
  • secretion of hormones vital to development and maintenance of sexual characteristics
32
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

-malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth tissue) of prostatic tissue
-most commonly an adenocarcinoma
-Risk Factors:
-advanced age (usually over age 50)
-genetic predisposition
Commonly metastasizing to pelvic and spinal bones

33
Q

Prostate Cancer: Signs + Symptoms

A

-dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, and hesitancy
-sometimes erectile dysfunction and painful ejaculation
-symptoms (if present) typically associated with the urinary tract
-hip or back pain possibly present in advanced stages
-Presymptomatic tests:
-blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
-periodic digital rectal examination (DRE)
Most commonly asymptomatic at diagnosis

34
Q

Prostate Cancer: Treatments

A

depending on stage, grade, and physical condition and age of the patient

  • prostatectomy and removal of adjacent affected tissues
  • hormone therapy to limit prostatic growth, including orchidectomy and estrogen therapy
  • chemotherapy in advanced stages of the disease
  • radiation therapy to relieve metastatic bone pain
35
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

nonmalignant enlarged prostate that may affect urine flow

36
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Signs + Symptoms

A
  • clinically significant if the enlarging, hyperplastic portion of the prostate obstructs urine flow
  • urinary obstruction, including hesitancy and urine retention
  • dysuria, nocturia, dribbling, urinary frequency, weak urine stream, or urinary or fecal incontinence
  • Hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis in sever cases of BPH
    ex: hydronephrosis and progressive thickening of the bladder wall and dilation of the ureters and kidneys
37
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Treatments

A

depends on severity of symptoms in the urinary system

  • symptomatic treatment may include prostatic massage, catheterization, and avoidance of caffeine and alcohol
  • various medications to shrink the prostate or relax the muscles in the prostate
  • Non-Surgical options to shrink or destroy excess prostate tissue:
    1. Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT), using microwave heat
    2. Transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP), using a high-frequency electrical current
    3. Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA), using radio waves
  • Surgical interventions to remove obstructing tissue:
  • Laser surgery
  • Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
38
Q

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

removal of the prostate using a resectoscope or electrocautery

Medical Terms (12 decks)

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