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A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the kidneys

A
  1. regulation of fluid, volume, ion concentration, and acid-base balance
  2. excretion of metabolic toxins, and drugs
  3. Hormone production
  4. metabolic function (vitamin D to active form)
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2
Q

What are the three layer of supportive tissue in the kidney? Function of each?

A
  1. Renal fascia- anchors
  2. Perirenal fat capsule- provides cushion
  3. Fibrous capsule- limits spread of infection
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3
Q

What are the 2 regions of the kidney?

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

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4
Q

List the sequence of urine flow

A

renal pyramid -> minor calcyx -> major calycx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

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5
Q

Empty into inferior vena cava

A

Renal veins

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6
Q

Deliver 1/4 total cardiac output to kidneys each minute

A

renal arteries

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7
Q

Structural and functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

What are the main parts of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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9
Q

What are 2 parts of a renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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10
Q

Collects filtrate

A

glomerular capsule

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11
Q

forms filtrate

A

glomerulus

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of a glomerulus capsule?

A

parietal and visceral layer

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13
Q

What is the parietal layer composed of in the glomeruluar capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Where are podocytes located in the nephron?

A

in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?

A

PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT

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16
Q

Cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli and confined to cortex

A

PCTq

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17
Q

Descending and ascending limbs

A

loop of Henle

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18
Q

Cuboidal cells with few microvilli and confined to cortex

A

DCT

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19
Q

Receives filtrate from many nephrons and delivers urine into minor calcyes

A

collecting ducts

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20
Q

What are the 2 classes of nephrons?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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21
Q

Which class of nephron extends deep into medulla?

A

juxtamedullary

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22
Q

Which class of nephrons is 85% of nephrons?

A

cortical

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23
Q

What is related to the length of the loop?

A

urine concentration

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24
Q

List the sequence of the nephron capillary bed?

A

renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> renal vein

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25
Q

How does the glomerulus differ from all other capillary beds?

A

fed and drained by arterioles and high BP (55 mmHg)

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26
Q

Adapted for absorption of water and solutes and low pressure

A

peritubular capillaries

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27
Q

Long, straight vessels that supple loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

vasa recta

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28
Q

Region where distal portion of ascending limb LOH lies against afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

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29
Q

What are the 2 major cell populations in the JGC?

A

macula densa and granular cells

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30
Q

Chemoreceptors that monitor NaCl content of filtrate in the ascending limp of LOH

A

macula densa

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31
Q

Mechanoreceptors that monitor BP in afferent arterioles in the walls of afferent arteriole

A

granular cells

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32
Q

In order what are the 3 processes of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular formation
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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33
Q

Movement of water and solutes from glomerular capillaries into glomerular capsule

A

Glomerular formation

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34
Q

Movement of substances from blood into filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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35
Q

Movement of water and solutes from filtrate back into blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

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36
Q

Everything in blood plasma except proteins

A

filtrate

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37
Q

Water and unneeded substances

A

Urine

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38
Q

Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a?

A

filtration membrane

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39
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of glomerular membrane
  2. Basement membrane
  3. foot processes of podocytes of glomerular capsule
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40
Q

What is the size molecules can be and cannot be to pass through the filtration membrane?

A

molecules 5 nm are not filtered (blood cells and plasma proteins)

41
Q

Pressure exerted by filtrate in capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure in capsular space

42
Q

pressure exerted by proteins in blood

A

colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

43
Q

Volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys and directly proportional to NFP

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

44
Q

What are the 2 controls that regulate GFR?

A
  1. Renal autoregulation (intrinsic)

2. Extrinsic controls

45
Q

Ability of kidney to maintain constant GFR despite fluctuations in systemic BP

A

Renal autoregulation

46
Q

What are the two ways the kidneys undergo renal autoregulation?

A

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

47
Q

How does myogenic mechanism bring GFR back to normal?

A

When BP is high, vasoconstiction occurs lowering GFR

When BP is low, vasodilation occurs increasing GFR

48
Q

Describe the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

when GFR increases NaCl concentration increases in filtrate due to insufficient reabsorption time

49
Q

What detects elevated NaCl levels and release signaling molecules?

A

macula densa cells

50
Q

What is the goal of the extrinsic control of the kidneys?

A

to maintain systemic BP

51
Q

hWhat are the 2 ways the kidneys show extrinsic control?

A

sympathetic nervous system controls and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

52
Q

Strong sympathetic activation constricts afferent which decrease GFR which

A

sympathetic nervous system controls

53
Q

When BP drops granular cells of JGC release renin

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

54
Q

Movement of water and solutes from renal tubule into blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

55
Q

What are the 2 way tubular reabsorption occurs?

A

transcellular (through tubule cells)

paracellular (between tubule cells)

56
Q

Which substances are reabsorbed by secondary active transport?

A

glucose, aa, some ions and vitamins

57
Q

Active transport Na+ creates strong osmotic gradient therefore reabsorbed by osmosis via

A

aquaporins

58
Q

Nearly every substance reabsorbed using a transport protein

A

transport maximum

59
Q

Site of most reabsorption

A

PCT

60
Q

What is the ascending and descending limo permeable and impermeable to?

A

Ascending: permeable to NaCl and impermeable to H20

Descending: permeable to H2O and impermeable to NaCl

61
Q

Plays key role in kidney’s ability to form dilute or concentrated urine

A

loop of Henle

62
Q

Reabsorption is adjusted by which hormone in the DCT and collecting duct

A

ADH, ANP, PTH, and aldosterone

63
Q

What does ADH target?

A

collecting duct to promotes insertion of aquaporins into apical membrane

64
Q

What does aldosterone target?

A

DCT and collecting duct to promote synthesis of apical NA+ and K+ channels and NA+/K+ pumps

65
Q

What does ANP target?

A

Collecting Duct to inhibit reabsorption of NA+ when BP or BV rise

66
Q

What does PTH target?

A

DCT

67
Q

Movement of selected substances from blood into filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

68
Q

Concentration of solute particles

A

Osmolality

69
Q

Kidneys maintain osmolality of plasma at what and how?

A

300 mOsm by regulating urine concentration and volume

70
Q

Occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions in adjacent segments of same tube connected by hairpin

A

countercurrent mechanism

71
Q

Interaction of filtrate flow in ascending/descending limbs of LOH of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

conuntercurrent multiplier

72
Q

Blood flow in adjacent parallel sections of vasa recta

A

countercurrent exchanger

73
Q

Establish and maintain osmotic gradient from cortex to medulla and allow kidneys to vary urine concentration

A

countercurrent mechanism

74
Q

In conuntercurrent multiplier, in which limb does interstitial fluid osmolality increase and filtrate osmolality decreases?

A

Ascending limb

75
Q

In conuntercurrent multiplier in which limb does filtrate osmolality increase?

A

Descending limb

76
Q

Where does countercurrent exchanges occur?

A

between each section of vasa recta and surrounding interstitial fluid

77
Q

What is vasa recta permeable to?

A

H2O and NaCl

78
Q

How does the vasa recta preserve medullary gradient?

A
  1. Preventing rapid removal of salt from interstitial space

2. Removing reabsorbed water

79
Q

What does collecting use to raise urine concentration above 300 mOsm to conserve water?

A

osmotic gradient

80
Q

What is the pathway when overhydrated?

A

There is no ADH available so

  1. Decrease in osmolality of ECF
  2. Decrease of ADH from posterior pituitary
  3. Decrease number of aquaporins in collecting ducts
  4. Decrease in H2O reabsorption from collecting ducts
  5. Large volume of dilute urine
81
Q

What is the pathway when dehydrated?

A

There is maximal amount of ADH

  1. Increase of osmolality of ECF
  2. Increase of ADH release from posterior pituitary
  3. Increase number of aquaporins in collecting duct
  4. Increase of H2O absorption from collection ducts
  5. Small volume of concentrated urine
82
Q

List the physical characteristics of urine

Color? Odor? pH?

A

Color: Clear, pale to deep yellow due to urochrome

Odor: slightly aromatic when fresh and develops ammonia odor upon standing

pH: average 6.0 (4.5-8)

83
Q

Which solutes are present in urine?

A

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

84
Q

What are some abnormal constituents of urine?

A

glucose, proteins, ketone bodies, Hb, bile pigments, RBCs, and WBCs

85
Q

Transports urine from kidneys to bladder and run obliquely through posterior bladder wall

A

Ureters

86
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureters?

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

87
Q

How does urine flow through the ureters?

A

peristaltic waves push urine toward bladder

88
Q

muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

A

urinary bladder

89
Q

Smooth, triangular area outlines by penings for 2 ureters and urethra

A

trigone

90
Q

What is significant about the trigone?

A

site where infections tend to persist

91
Q

What are the 3 layers of the urinary bladder?

A

mucosa, detrusor muscle, and adventitia

92
Q

What is the maximum value of urine in the bladder?

A

800-1000 mL

93
Q

Muscular tube from bladder to body exterior opens to outside at external urethral orfice

A

urethra

94
Q

Smooth muscle portion of the urethra

A

internal urethral sphincter

95
Q

Skeletal muscle portion of the urethra

A

external urethral sphincter

96
Q

What are 3 parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic. membranous, and spongy

97
Q

Which 2 events occur simultaneously during micturition?

A
  1. Destrusor muscle contracts
  2. Internal urethral sphincter relaxes
  3. External urethral sphincter relaxes
98
Q

Lack of voluntary control over micturition

A

incontinence

A&P II (13 decks)

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